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Zvyšování kvality ošetřovatelské péče v oblasti močových infekcí pomocí řízení rizik
KROCOVÁ, Jitka
Urinary tract infections associated with urinary bladder catheterisations (Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection - CAUTI) represent the most common type of infections associated with health care provision, accounting for more than one third of these infections. In the field of CAUTI effectivity of the set of measures of multifactorial character has been demonstrated. To prevent CAUTI good-quality and safely provided nursing care is essential. Aspects of infection prevention include quality-related indicator monitoring, quality of care management, education, acceptance of relevant indications for catheterisation, record keeping, availability of material and aids for catheterisation and care for patients with urinary catheter, functional teams of experts for infection control and prevention in the healthcare provider facility. Effectiveness of the above-stated preventive interventions has been verified in studies conducted in clinical practice and is included in the direction for recommended CAUTI prevention that includes the implementation of measure "packages". The objective of the work was to map the implementation of quality of care management and risk management as part of the provision of nursing care in the context of prevention of urinary tract infections associated with health care that are at the same time related to quality of nursing care improvement in this field. The research was conducted as a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the so-called triangulation. The research thus had a mixed design. It used the model of sequence combination where the first step consisted in quantitative research that was followed by a qualitative research method - a QUAN-QUAL scheme. The design of the quantitative research consisted in the use performance of an observation-descriptive study, and the method chosen used in this research phase was questioning employing questionnaires, DUQuE (Deepening our Understanding of Quality Improvement in Europe). Respondents in the quantitative part of the research were non-medical healthcare workers occupying manager positions (ward, head and leading nurses as well as a care assistant). Data analysis was performed using the following programmes: SASD 1.5.8 (statistical data analysis) and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The strategy employed in the qualitative research was anchored theory, and a half-structured interview. The qualitative research was utilized to complete and clarify the research fields of the quantitative research, specifically verification of extraordinary findings and values included in the category of extraordinary findings. Subjects participating in the qualitative research were quality managers employed by the providers of acute bed care in the CR.
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Urinary tract infections in pregnancy
MIHULCOVÁ, Monika
This bachelor thesis deals with urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the human population. During pregnancy, this disease can cause undesirable complications for both the mother and the fetus, which could be fatal in serious cases. The work is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part deals with the anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract, changes in the urinary tract during pregnancy, urinary tract infections and its diagnosis, midwife care for women with urinary tract infections, prevention of urinary tract infections and midwifery education. In the empirical part of this work, two goals were chosen. Firstly, to find out the level of pregnant women's knowledge about the prevention of urinary tract infection and secondly to find out their level of knowledge about the risk to the fetus and mother in urinary tract infection during pregnancy. We wondered whether or not pregnant women knew how to behave to prevent a urinary tract infection, and also whether they knew the risks associated with the infection. Based on these goals, two hypotheses were chosen. H1: Pregnant women with higher education are more informed about the prevention of urinary tract infections than pregnant women with lower education. H2: Pregnant women with higher education are more aware of the risks to both the fetus and the mother caused by urinary tract infections than pregnant women with lower education. The research was conducted in a quantitative form, using a questionnaire. The evaluation of the questionnaire was carried out with the help of the right-tailed Student's t-distribution. The research group consisted of 237 pregnant women who were active on online social groups for pregnant women. Respondents who filled in at the beginning of the questionnaire that they were not pregnant were not included in the research group. Most respondents were from the age group of 21-30. This group consisted of 74.68% of respondents. Most respondents (45.57%) stated their highest achieved education to be the secondary education completed with a General Certificate of Secondary Education. 84.39% of respondents knew the concept of urinary tract infection. 73.00% of respondents knew that UTI is mostly caused by bacteria. 88.19% of respondents knew cranberry as a crop that helps prevent UTI. 92.83% of respondents knew that daily showering helps prevent UTI. The research confirmed both hypotheses to be true - H1: that women with higher education are better informed about both the prevention of urinary tract infections and the H2: risks to the fetus and the mother from urinary tract infections during pregnancy. The output of this work is an information leaflet, which briefly summarizes the risks to the fetus and mother in urinary tract infections during pregnancy and draws attention to the prevention of urinary tract infections. The results of this work can serve as an information source for pregnant women, women of reproductive age, midwives and to educate students of midwifery.
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Examination of the kidneys and urinary tract in radiodiagnostic medicine and in nuclear medicine
SÝKOROVÁ, Simona
Title: Examination of kidneys and urinary tract in radiodiagnostics and nuclear medicine Theoretical part: The theoretical part of the thesis describes 3 chapters. At the beginning, the anatomy of the kidneys and urinary tract is briefly described. Subsequently, the basic diseases that we may find by patient are notified. Finally, are described the most common examination methods that can be used to image the diseases of kidneys and urinary tract in radio diagnostics and nuclear medicine. These mostly it means examinations via ultrasonography, X-ray examinations, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging etc. In nuclear medicine we are using a kidney scintigraphy. Aim of the work: The aim of the work is to analyse individual imaging methods used for examination in kidney and urinary tract diseases. The research question is based on the empirical part: Is the general public sufficiently informed about the presence of kidney disease? Methods: A quantitative survey was determined for the processing of the empirical part of the work. This is a questionnaire method that was completely anonymous, and the results were intended only as research for my bachelor's thesis. Respondents answered a total of 16 questions. These were mostly questions that were supposed to find how sufficiently general public is informed about the problem. The questionnaire also included questions about the respondent's experience with the disease and with examination methods. Subsequently, the results were processed into graphs. Results: A total of 100 respondents of different ages were contacted, the most of them were women aged 20-30. Although the research is aimed at the general public, health professionals have been involved as well. It was found that almost half of the respondents had experience with the urological diseases in the past. Almost everyone stated that it was an inflammation of the urinary tract or bladder. Urinary tract infections are among the most common diseases, which has been confirmed by research as well. The main topic was the awareness of lay public. The results were clear, the general public is informed about the problem on average level. Respondents mostly answered correctly, although they did not know answer of the professional questions. Only health professionals provided the correct answer to these questions. Conclusions: Urological diseases are very common, the most women have problems with them. Therefore, these diseases and examination methods are recorded in the form of a bachelor's thesis. The bachelor's thesis should serve as a teaching material of the urological system and its individual examinations. It could help students or patients who want to learn more about the issue.
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Semiquantitative bacteriological examination of urine
VITANOVSKÁ, Alena
Urine is a liquid product of metabolism excreted through the kidneys. It refers to the overall health of the body. Urinary tract infections are the second most common disease in the population caused by various pathogens. E. coli is the most frequent pathogen. The increase in resistance of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics is related to the high incidence of persistent infections and their treatment. The main objectives of this thesis are to introduce the bacteriological examination of urinary tract infections and mastering the art semiquantitative bacteriological examination of urine and other processes leading to the diagnosis of urinary pathogens using in the Medical Microbiology Department of Klatovská nemocnice, a.s.. Then, based on the results taken from LIS OLM to evaluate the obtained results and to compare them with the literature. The first part deals with the definition of basic concepts that are associated with urinary tract infections, and its infections and occurring pathogens. The various phases of laboratory procedure are described. In particular, analytical part of laboratory procedure which deals with theoretical description of methods of laboratory diagnostics. The procedures of identification methods, which are used in the Medical Microbiology Department of Klatovská nemocnice, a.s. are described in the methodology. That means semiquantitative examination, microscopy, various biochemical tests for pathogens identification and process for the determination of sensitivity. The research results are evaluated using simple statistics in tables and graphs. In the year 2014 8623 urine samples were examined. 6267 samples came from hospital patients. The samples from hospital patients were for the statistical evaluation. From these samples 1260 were cases of E. coli, Enterococcus 829 cases and 297 cases of Proteus. For further statistical evaluation is carried out with E. coli which determine sensitivity to nitrofurantoin such were 1030. From that 819 women and 211 men. The highest incidence of this pathogen was among women in the age group over 61 years, it were the 542 patients. For men the capture also the highest over the age of 61 years, with 166 patients. The lowest detection of E. coli in both men and women was the lowest compared to other categories of age 7-17.
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The investigation of markers in urine with a focus of IMC
BAŠTÝŘOVÁ, Veronika
Abstract Urinary passage infection is one of the most frequent diseases in both children and adult populations. The UPI (Urinary Passage Infection) diagnostics is based on clinical data obtained from the sick, i.e. on anamnestic data, clinical current problems and examination of urine and blood. When examining urine, it is possible to detect infection markers, which show evidence of an acute or chronic infection. To ensure correct interpretation, it is necessary to comply with the required methodologies in both pre-analytic and actual analytic phases. The objective of this bachelor thesis is to prove that within the studies and preparation of the bachelor thesis, I mastered the laboratory methodology of examination of UPI markers in urine. I processed the biological material both independently and under expert supervision. I worked in biochemical and microbiological laboratories, where I myself performed the examination or participated in the examinations of inflammatory markers on devices. Within the preparation of the bachelor thesis, I examined samples of urine from children as well as adults. Altogether I examined 120 samples of urine chemically, microscopically and microbiologically. During the chemical examination, I worked under the expert supervision of a laboratory worker and used the automatic spectrophotometer Clinitek Atlas. I examined osmolality with the use of an osmometer. To identify important bacteriuria, the transport set Uricult was used. The reading was performed in compliance with the enclosed manuals. I assessed the results of the examination after a consultation with a doctor, namely in the clinical-biochemical department of the hospital Nemocnice Jindřichův Hradec a.s., and interpreted them after a consultation with Prof. MUDr. Miloš Velemínský, CSc. All examinations were documented. The result of the bachelor thesis is the presentation of own results obtained by examination of urine for inflammatory markers of UPI and their documentation.
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Comparison of bacteriological examination of urine using the cultivation and nephelometric method
LOJÍKOVÁ, Aneta
In population urinary tract infections (UTI) occur as the second most common diseases caused by various pathogens. They manifest themselves by the presence of bacteria in urine called bacteriuria. The objective of the thesis was to compare the bacteriological examination of urine in suspected UTI using cultivation-based methods and nephelometric methods. Two procedures were used for cultivation examination of urine. The first was a gradual dilution technique which is considered to be accurate. The second procedure was cultivation on filter paper which is considered to be less reliable. Two types of culture media - URI Select 4 and COS from the firm BIO-RAD were used.. URI Select 4 is a diagnostic medium designed to cultivate urine samples. Blood agar (COS) is a blood enriched medium on which the majority of medically important bakteria grow. The third measurement was carried out with the automatic system URO-QUICK from ALIFAX S.p.A. Cultivation on filter paper was used only as an extending supplementary method to be compared to the gradual dilution technique and the automatic system URO-QUICK. Total of 50 urine samples were tested.
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