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Basic urine laborator examination
HAMOUZOVÁ, Kateřina
In this bachelor thesis I deal with the basic urine examination in the laboratory of clinical biochemistry. The bachelor thesis is mainly focused on the examination of urine chemically and the examination of urinary sediment. An essential part of the bachelor thesis is to approach public with the course of biological material examination in the laboratory. This work could be benefit for students or general public as an enghlitement of basic laboratory analysis of urine. Mainly in order to collect data which show the importance of testing, whether chemical or microscopic. The theoretical part briefly describes kidneys and their vascular supply. The division into primary and secondary urine is part of the chapter "Urine formation". Urine collection can be found in the same chapter. In the next chapter I present the chemical composition of urine. Urine composition plays an important role without any doubt in determining the patient's health. Furthermore, I characterize physical urine examination, which is an integral part of the basic urine examination. The next chapter is called Chemical examination of urine". Today, urine chemistry is performed through diagnostic strips. Last but not least, urine is examined microscopically. This examination is discussed in the "Penultimate chapter". In the last chapter I describe basic information about urinary stones. The methodology describes the procedure and principle of how to properly perform urine testing in the laboratory, whether chemically or microscopically. At the end of thecase report, the obtained data of analytes in the urine, which outlines the importance of the examined biological material.
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Metaphylaxy in urinary stones patients
BUŘIČOVÁ, Alena
Current status: The recurrence of urinary stones is common, according to research results. Prevention of urolithiasis, especially of recurrent cases, is essential. Information about the disease, causes of urolithiasis and preventive regime are the basic principles. The patient should not only be informed about drinking and dietary regime after removal of the stone, but he should be motivated to fulfil these recommendations. Metaphylaxy is complex treatment regime; aim of whist is prevention of stone recurrence Methods: The research part was based on quantitative survey. Questionnaire, consisting of 22 questions, was used for survey.. The survey was performed at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since January 2011 till December 2013. Patients, where first stone was diagnosed, were involved. SPSS programme was used to evaluate results of quantitative survey. Medical recodes was used for secondary analysis of data of primary stone patients treated at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and SPSS programme was used for statistical analysis. The hypotheses were tested by using of Chí quadrat test. Patients: The patients with primary urinary tract stones, diagnosed in 2012 and 2013, were selected for survey. There were included 184 patients in 2012 and 102 patients in 2013. 150 patients had been addressed by questionnaire and 123 patients responded. The secondary analysis of data of patients treated for primary urinary stones at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013, was performed on 644 patients. Results: 644 patients were found as patients treated for primary stone at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013. This is in concordance with research goal: "Find, how many urinary stones patients were diagnosed at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013". The second research goal was: "Identify differences in dietary habits in urinary stones patients." There was fund a difference in meat intake between men and women. Decreasing trend in meat intake according to age was found, too. No difference in sugar intake was found intake between men and women. The third research goal was: " Identify the fluid intake in in urinary stones patients." There was found average fluid intake per day of 1 922 ml in women and 2 127 ml in men. The last research goal was: " Identify willingness of the patients to change their drinking and dietary regime." The willingness to to change drinking and dietary regime is affected by age of the patient, profession, way of stone removal and quality of information about to change their drinking and dietary regime. Conclusions: The drinking and dietary regime, in context with life style information, is basic for prevention of urinary stones. Fluid intake, dietary habits, physical activity, weight reduction, stress release are essential factors. The motivation, including clear and detailed information of the patient is important for compliance. The results of the theses will be offered for publishing in peer reviewed journal Urologie pro praxi.
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Radiological diagnosis of renal colic
ONDRUŠKOVÁ, Lenka
The thesis focuses on performance frequency of particual radiodiagnostic imaging methods which are indicated to patients with diagnosis of undefined renal colic Another aim is comparison of individual imaging methods based on radiation pressure together with highlighting of advantages and disadvantages of every individual examination. The thesis is introduced with a brief anatomical and physiological summary of urinary system. The next paragraph deals with the issue of urolithiasis, classification of urinary stones and factors contributing to formation of urolithiasis. Undoubtedly, one of the most important passages in the theoretical part of the thesis is a detailed description of individual imaging methods used in urology. Every medical examination includes procedure, preparation of a patient, indication, contraindication, benefits and drawbacks typical for implementation of imaging methods. The last part of the theoretical section covers a comparison of particular medical srceenings according to the negative radiation effects on the patient and according to the financial point of view. The second part of the thesis focuses on hypothesis and description of the research methodology. The aim of the thesis is seen in a comparison as well as in a research of frequency of individual imaging methods used in renal illnesses causing renal colic. The research was focused on this aim and all useful data in connection with description of methodology were applied. Another goal of the research was verification of hypothesis which is based on the belief that methods without using contrastive substances are more frequently applied. Methodology used in the bachelor thesis describes collecting of data, processing and comparison of patients´ files who underwent treatment of renal colic in the urology ward in the hospital in Havlíčkův Brod. The research was mainly oriented on imaging methods using contrasting substances as well as non-contrasting methods. Amongst these imaging screenings belong ultrasonography, plain radiograph of kidneys, intravenous excretory urography, computed tomography with low-dose technique and CT with application of contrastive substance. The data was collected from the hospital information system service known as NIS in Havlíčkův Brod. The first data collection method was aimed at group of patients with renal colic diagnosis who have experienced radiodiagnostic examination methods in the hostital in Havlíčkův Brod in 2012. The group consisted of one hundred patients. In the first place, frequency of occurrence of urolithiasis and its frequency of particular examination of both sexes was examined. It was followed by the research of the frequency imaging methods for the entire year 2012. The final research was focused on the number of condactive examinations using contrastive substance. In the end, it was compared to the number of realized screenings without contrasing substance. The second data collection included the number of conducted screenings in last fifteen years. Out of this data frequency of examinations in the years 1999 and 2013 were compared and represented. For the clear arrangement, the data was reported and graphically presented for the individual years in the period from 1.1.1999 till 31.12.2013. The results of the first and the second collection data method were compared and assessed. As a result it can be assumed that hypothesis has been confirmed. In comparison of frequency of the conducted contrasing examinations in 2012, imaging methods without application of the contrastive substance were in percentage majority. The same outcome was also shown after researching the data from last fifteen years. Nephrogram radiology was the most frequently conducted type of examination meanwhile the least frequently used was CT examination with the application of contrasting substance.
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