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Contrast medium in the ultrasonography
BLECHA, Dalibor
Ultrasound method belongs to the most extended and easily available modern investigative diagnostic techniques. It is the step number one in the investigative diagnostic algorithm. The beginning of this method dates back to the early fifties of the twentieth century. With respect to the fact that the usage of ultrasound contrast agents and the development of an {\clqq}optimal`` contrast agent has not finished, I refer to some limitations and obstacles. Although this process is similar for all contrast agents in all fields of modern imaging methods. Implementing new findings and observations into a clinical practice is connected with lots of difficulties and obstacles that restrain their success. In the same way as the contrast agents found their application in various modern imaging techniques, the ultrasound contrast agents are also expected to find their place in the ultrasonography. This fact acknowledges my hypothesis and points at application of ultrasound method as the first choice.
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Prenatal diagnosis by imaging methods
VLČEK, Martin
The bachelor degree thesis focuses on imaging methods in prenatal diagnostics. The theoretical part informs the readers about the current situation in this field, including invasive and noninvasive examination methods. The theoretical part is concluded with a chapter on prenatal detection of heart disease by means of screening examination of pregnant women. The objective of the thesis was to highlight the activities of a radiological assistant, to describe his/her activities during the use of various modalities and possibilities in diagnostics of congenital heart diseases, both prenatally and perinatally. One hypothesis was formulated, concerning the activity of a radiological assistant in diagnostics of congenital heart diseases during the prenatal period. The quantitative research was designed based on the number of examined fetuses and newborns in the teaching hospital (Fakultní nemocnice) in Motol and in the Center of Medical Genetics (Centrum lékařské genetiky s.r.o.) in České Budějovice in the course of 1 year. In 59 fetuses examined with magnetic resonance the following 3 congenital heart diseases were detected most frequently: 7 cases of agenesis of corpus callosum, 6 cases of ventriculomegalia and 7 cases of congenital cystic adenomatoid lung malformation. None of the examined mothers was diagnosed with placenta defects or pathological changes on the fetus heart. The formulated hypothesis has been confirmed. At present, congenital heart diseases are not routinely prenatally examined by means of magnetic resonance due to the too robust technology and insufficient quality of the imaging. The prominent role is still being played by ultrasonic examinations performed by gynecologists and obstetricians. The thesis and the research results may be used by cardiologists, gynecologists, obstetricians, as well as radiologists.
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Doppler measurement of vessel parameters
NÁTHEROVÁ, Markéta
Ultrasound investigation is the most common and most readily available current advanced diagnostic method. Ultrasound can be used to track and image moving structures such as cardiac valves or flowing blood {--} these methods are based on the so-called Doppler phenomenon. Using the Doppler phenomenon, it is possible to determine the velocity and direction of movement of the measured object. The objective of this work was to track the changes of vascular flow and pulse rate depending on the degree of tolerance of exercise attained by the test persons, the stress (load) and ambient temperature changes. For this purpose, 2 groups were defined where the first group consisted of individuals adapted to the stress, while the members of the second group were untrained. To measure the vascular parameters we used a Doppler meter, HiDop 300. The LCD display of the instrument, or alternatively the monitor of a connected computer, provide images of the measured spectral Doppler curve as well as its parameters (heart rate HR, resistance index RI, pulsatility index PI, systolic/diastolic ratio, mean frequency). The work is concerned with the impact of physical load and cold-related stress on the circulatory system in the vessels. The haemodynamics of the vascular system depends on the type and intensity of the load. The formulation of results of the work, however, must account for a number of internal factors (age, sex, health {\dots}) and external factors (ambient temperature, air flow {\dots}) that are themselves associated with various changes in the circulatory system. For example, reduction of peripheral vascular contractility in the elderly, disruption of vascular wall elasticity by depositing fatty substances or increased heart rate due to the stress stimulus. The main advantage of a Doppler instrument and all ultrasound methods is to be seen in the fact that it is a non-invasive method, and has no adverse effects on the investigated person, such as the effects associated with roentgen radiation, provided, however, that appropriate intensity of ultrasound radiation has been chosen.
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Assessment of noise exposure at different ways of rearing water fowl.
BRAUN, Petr
This Bachelor´s work describes the evaluation of noise exposure at different ways of breeding water fowl. Breed selected for measuring the goose Czech. The aim is to measure and verify the intensity of noise arising from the farms and backyard and evaluate that noise acting on the surroundings. The basis is to implement the measurement noise level in backyard farms and are growing in a farm really out of the growing season for selected habitats and compare readings with legislative and hygiene standards. If permissible limits are exceeded measured values, it will be essential to propose the necessary restrictive measures.
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Progression in Relationship of Parents to Child in the Prenatal Period
DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Kateřina
This work is engaged in a possibility to communicate and make relations of both parents to unborn baby. Main aim of this work is to point out the possibilities to form a positive relation of mother and father to baby in prenatal period. The result is that expectant parents who want to contact the baby can do much more than only caress a belly or speak to it.
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Laboratory methods for diagnostic infections total prosthesis articulations
HRONÍČKOVÁ, Lenka
Prosthesis articulations and their infectious complications are currently a much discussed problem among orthopaedists and microbiologists. The most operations are performed especially at hip and knee joints. The main reason for their most frequent damage is secondly the fact that endoprostheses of these joints have a good possibility of fixing of plastic materials into the bone and a long lifetime. Endoprostheses are used also in joints of shoulders, elbows etc. Despite of all aseptic procedures infection development sometimes appears. This complication is the most common cause of endoprostheses damage and it is often the reason for re-operation. The development of infection depends on interactions between a micro-organism, prosthesis articulations and a host. Bacterial agents causing infections of prosthesis articulations include gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, sometimes even streptococci. Further they could be gram-negative bars, especially Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species a Serratia marcescens etc. In mixed infections there can also appear anaerobic bacteria, especially Propionibacterium acnes and anaerobic streptococci. Most of bacterial agents are a part of so called bio film, which is important for bacteria and their survival. Bacteria in bio film acquire matrix protection against the effect of antibodies and phagocytes and also against the effects of antibiotics. Implementation of new laboratory procedures and methods, when among others ultrasound is used to destroy bio film, and making further cultivation and identification of infectious agents easier proved as a contribution. It leads to significantly higher capture of etiological agents of infectious complications of prosthesis articulations and this way it contributes to better securing of re-implantations. Procedures and methods presented in this thesis can be used in other modifications at examination of other inorganic materials and implantations and at examination of tissues taken out of patient ´s body at various infectious complications. Presented thesis compares laboratory procedures and methods used so far at OLM (Department of Medical Microbiology) in Nemocnice Jindřichův Hradec, a.s. (Hospital in Jindřichův Hradec, Ltd.) with laboratory procedures newly implemented for this purpose to examine infections of prosthesis articulations in cooperation with the author of presented thesis in spring months of 2008.
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Disturbing artifacts of radiodiagnostic modalities
ŠEDA, Miroslav
This work gives information on machines used for diagnostic imaging aimed to disturbing scan artefacts of chosen device (CT, MR, USG). Radiology assistant work still more depends on technique which helps in examination. The machines used for clients´ examination are thanks to IT development still more complicated. They allow high-quality and precious images, give more possibilities of treatment ways, save the client. Operating this technique is the domain of radiology assistants. Development without restrain leads to period when operating staff will work more independently. It is necessary for the radiology assistant to manage all steps in examinations which are undergone. He has to keep radiation protection and the quality of the image result as well. The result of most diagnostic examination in radiology department is image information. Image results can be from various reasons changed or deformed in comparison with the reality. Such distorted images can lead up to mistaken or late diagnosis by the physician. Radiology assistant is the first specialist who must be able to judge whether the examination has been done correctly or to warn the physician of possible variation or image deformation. Moderation or suppression of artefacts in image results in examination is easy in some cases. Then it is enough to explain the process of examination to the client and to emphasize how important is to cooperate with the staff. In some cases is technically impossible to impact the manifestation of artefacts as it results from the principle of examination method, or because of high financial costs unbearable for the health institute. In my work I aimed to image artefacts of machines (CT, MR, USG) which can be met in common clinical practice. I tried to document these image artefacts in common running. Part of my work is to describe the causes of artefacts appearance and the way how to avoid or remove their manifestation.
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