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Family environment of drug addicts
LUKÁŠOVÁ, Adéla
We live in a postmodern era, where the original concept of the family loses its original meaning and where there is a breaking of traditional family values. You can also talk about the so - called crisis of the family and the associated emergence of socially pathological phenomena. This term began to apply in the Czech Republic during the nineties. It is a transformation that brings the absence of traditional family symbols, which are two - parent family, the primary representation of the family in the social spectrum or preference of spending time with the family by its individual members. Family of a contemporary postmodern society is then characterized by a very high divorce rate and the associated absence of one parent (mostly fathers), by a decline in the number of children, by increasing parental age or by favoring career at the expense of the family. This work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with the topic of a family as a social phenomenon, the typology of family, the parenting style, the risk factors in the family and then with the drugs themselves, the current situation in the Czech drug scene, the drug addiction, the drug treatment in relation to the family therapy. Special attention is paid to education styles and risk factors in the family and their potential impact on the emergence of socio - pathological phenomena. The aim of the practical part of this thesis is to analyze the opinions of experts on the drug addiction in relation to the drug environment. The operational objective is to find the fact to what extent is a specialist able to influence the family environment of a drug addict. To collect the data there was used a method of questioning through the depth semi - structured interview. This was based on asking open - ended and semi - closed questions to a selected group of respondents. The purpose of data collection was to create a deeper monitoring and detection of basic facts about the issue. The basic research group was created by professionals who deal with the target group of drug addicts. Through the analysis of the results of the research were developed answers to the research questions and summarized as follows: 1. The experts perceive that the family environment affects drug addiction, specifically through genetic predispositions, personal abilities, peers and problematic communication in the family; in addition there is a high importance of the parenting role and of the relations in the family, is a key factor, but only one of the factors that influence the development of drug addiction. 2. The experts have the ability to influence the family environment of a drug addicts through individual, group, family or partner therapy; parental and social work, mediation of family relationships, cooperation, art - therapy or by using relaxation techniques. The survey showed that there is not only one risk factor from the family environment that would predispose the emergence of addiction to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. This phenomenon does not occur even in the context of the emergence and development of other socio-pathological behavior. The analysis of the collected data showed that the formation of addiction is determined by a complex action of several factors that stem from various fields of life. We speak here about a bio - psycho - socio - spiritual emergence of addiction. The above mentioned also applies in relation to family educational styles. It is impossible to say that certain educational styles are more or less predetermining the emergence of an addiction than the others.
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Nursing care of patients with pressure ulcers
ŠERIOVÁ, Martina
This dissertation deals with nursing care issues relating to patients with pressure ulcers. The presented topic is quite actual these days, because the number of bedridden patients is constantly increasing, in which the potential risk of the formation of pressure ulcers arise. "Decubitus ulcer is a bedsore, which arises as a consequence of pathological pressure on the predilection place." (Pejznochová, 2010, p. 23). Mostly immobile patients suffer from this disease. Pressure ulcers can be prevented by regular adjust or with anti-decubitus aids. The treating of already existing pressure ulcer today is preferably with the use of modern therapy, the so-called "wet treatment". This dissertation is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part outlines the formation issue and the assessment of pressure ulcers, the most common place of origin, the defect rating scale, the importance of prevention and subsequent treatment of pressure ulcers. And finally, it describes how the treatment of pressure ulcers is done in hospitals and home care agencies. Two goals were set for the practical part, to describe new methods in the treatment of pressure ulcers and to compare options in the treatment of pressure ulcers in hospitals and home care agencies. To achieve the set goals, a qualitative research was used, which was performed through interviews with nurses from inpatient ward of the hospital of Czech Budejovice, as well as with the nurses from the City Charity in Czech Budejovice and nurses of nursing home care and nursing services ALICE in Czech Budejovice. When interviews were making, two sets of questions were prepared. The research group was consisted of 11 respondents. The respondents came from the dermal ward, ward of internal medicine and aftercare ward. These respondents were identified as respondents under No. 1 to 4. The nurses of home nursing care agencies were signified as respondents from No. 5 to 11. This selection of respondents enables to compare the specific patient care on the wards and in home care agencies. The data were collected from February to March 2013. At the beginning of the research project, five research questions related to the. The first question was concerned of new ways in the treatment of pressure ulcers. The second focused on the nursing care of a patient with pressure ulcers in hospitals. The third question examined the area of nursing care for patients with pressure ulcers in home care agencies. The last two questions were focused on the use of surgical dressings for the treatment of pressure ulcers in hospitals and home care agencies. Based on the survey, it was found that in both institutions proper prevention is ensured, which means the client positioning, nutrition, hygiene and the use of anti-decubitus aids. The research showed the original relieving aids were often replaced by blankets and pillows, as these tools are the more available and fulfil its purpose. The use of surgical dressings on patient units and home care agencies, there is a predominant use of moist therapy and appropriate therapy materials for this purpose. In therapy, this method is considered to be better, because it accelerates the healing of the defect, less surgical dressings are needed and they are less painful for the client. The evaluation of nurses showed that the majority of nurses in home care agencies believe that the agencies are providing better care than in hospital. Certainly nurses from inpatient department think the opposite. Except one respondent, all of the others regularly attend professional seminars, where, within these seminars, new materials and methods of treatment are presented to them. The work will be used for improvements in nursing care of patients with pressure ulcers and will serve as a study material for students in medical fields.
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The treatment of newborn umbilical cord from birth to discharge into home care.
ŠNAJDROVÁ, Šárka
Recent state: The umbilical cord care is one of the basic operations which are made immediately after the childbirth and during the first weeks in the newborn?s life. It is an everyday routine of midwives, infant nurses and mothers. The umbilical cord care is very important as the cord stump can easily become a gateway for an infection and hereby endanger the newborn?s health and life. Many pages in various publications have been written about the way how to treat the umbilicus. The authors wrote mostly about their own experience and the possibilities which they had in their time. Considering that the procedure changed several times in the past years, there is no unity in the way how to proceed in unison and the newborn?s umbilical cord care is performed differently in diverse hospitals. Repeated education of mothers about correct umbilical cord care in hospital as well as at home is also necessary. World Health Organisation (WHO), The Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN), European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and in the Czech Republic The Czech Neonatology Organisation (ČSNeoS) deal with the issue of the umbilical cord care. Subject: The aim of the work was to find out the way in which the umbilical cord care in newborns from birth to the discharge to home care is performed in chosen infant wards and the way the mothers are educated about the umbilical cord care in chosen infant wards. Methodology: The practical part of the work was compiled on the basis of qualitative survey with a small set of respondents. The qualitative survey was made in a form of questioning and the technique of depth interview was used for the data collecting. This method was chosen because it helps to keep the content aspect of the interview and at the same time it provides space to the respondents to express their own opinions, feelings and experience about the subject of the interview. It also enables to see how the respondents understand the particular problem. The subsequent coding, categorization and content analysis of interviews was made easier thanks to the uniform composition of questions. Research set: The research set was assembled from three infant nurses/midwives and three mothers in purposely chosen infant wards in Valašské Meziříčí, Benešov and České Budějovice. Three criteria were set for choosing of the infant nurses/midwives. The first criterion was work in an infant ward without technical supervision (valid registration of the nurse in NCONZO), the second one was employment for at least one year in an infant ward and the third one was a visible identification of person. Two criteria were set for choosing of the mothers. The first criterion was mother?s newborn care in the form of rooming-in for at least 48 hours and the second one was that the mother and the newborn will be discharged to home care on the day of interview. Results : From the result of the research it is clear that the way of the newborn umbilical cord care in chosen infant wards differs in the umbilical cord care after the birth as well as in the subsequent care provided in the rooming-in care. The standard of the umbilical cord care in infant wards are set by the consultant and the head doctor of the ward and basically do not change, only in České Budějovice there was one change last year, when they accepted the latest AWHONN recommendation from 2007 which says that the cord stump should be left to fall off spontaneously. It follows that the infant ward in České Budějovice matches the WHO, AWHONN and ČNeoS recommendation the most, the infant ward in Benešov slightly differs in the procedure and the infant ward in Valašské Meziříčí treats the umbilical cord according the old standard of ČNeoS. Conclusion: The output of the work is a standard of nursing care in the newborn umbilical cord care which could serve as a uniform procedure in chosen infant wards.
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Diagnosis and therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection
POSPÍŠILOVÁ, Michaela
H pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic rod-shaped moving bacterium, notorious for its urease production. It colonizes gastric mucosa and always leads to chronic gastritis, which may result in the development of other serious diseases, such as gastroduodenal ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma. In 1994, H pylori was classified as a category 1 carcinogen. H pylori infection can be tested for invasively and noninvasively. The invasive methods include cultivation, histological examination and a rapid urease test. Noninvasive options are the carbon urea breath test, a stool antigen (HpSA) test and a blood antibody test. H pylori is sensitive to betalactam antibiotics. These should therefore be the essential part of the treatment; the instances of resistance are rare. Should the patient be allergic to betalactam antibiotics, nitroimidazoles can be used instead. H pylori is also sensitive to macrolides. The objective of my bachelor thesis was to acquire practical knowledge necessary for the correct processing of stool and serum samples in laboratory practice. I also intended to describe current trends in diagnosis and treatment of H pylori infection, together with the infection rates depending on age, sex and the season of the year. The findings were discussed in the context of relevant academic literature. Finally, I monitored the ways in which gastroduodenal ulcer disease caused by H pylori infection is diagnosed and treated by gastroenterologists in České Budějovice. The collection of the data for quantitative research was carried out between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2012 in the microbiological laboratory Synlab czech s.r.o. in České Budějovice, which covers the whole of the South Bohemian Region. The samples were supplied mostly, but not exclusively, by GPs, and two methods of medical examination (euroSCREEN HP and EIA Helicobacter MONO IgG) were used. EuroSCREEN HP is based on the stool antigen (HpSA) detection, EIA Helicobacter MONO IgG is an immunoenzymatic method detecting IgG antibodies against H pylori in human serum or plasma. The data for qualitative research were collected in gastroenterologic ambulances in České Budějovice. Guided semi-structured interviews were carried out with one doctor in each ambulance. The acquired data were then processed as case studies and used to obtain categorization tables. The quantitative research confirmed all three hypotheses subject to evaluation. Higher age groups were found to have higher infections rates. However, no effect of either sex or the season of the year on the infection rates was registered. The qualitative research showed that gastroduodenal ulcer disease is most frequently diagnosed by České Budějovice gastroenterologists by the means of a biopsy check during gastroscopy. The samples are then sent to a microbiological laboratory for cultivation, histological examination and a rapid urease test. H pylori infection is usually treated by the standard triple therapy: amoxicillin, clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor. In case of hypersensitivity to betalactam antibiotics clarithromycin, a proton pump inhibitor and metronidazole are used instead. Occassional resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin was reported. In these situations, cultivation is carried out in order to determine the sensitivity to antibiotics. The effects of the eradication treatment are evaluated by the means of a biopsy check during gastroscopy 6-8 weeks after its application. The samples are analysed in a microbiological laboratory. Some gastroenterologists also use a stool antigen (HpSA) test.
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Anonymous Alcoholics self-help groups, as a form of aftercare and relapse prevention for people dependent on alcohol and their families
LUKEŠOVÁ, Libuše
This thesis covers one of the methods of gaining and maintaining sobriety of individuals addicted to alcohol. This method was developed in 1935 in the USA and gradually spread out worldwide. It has been used in the Czech Republic since 1989. It´s basic idea is the determination that one alcoholic can help the other by mutual exchange of his or her experience with alcohol. The long-term sober individual helps the other who is still currently drinking but wishes to stop his addiction. The success of this method is based on the willingness to work on himself or herself by utilizing of a program called "Twelve Steps". Its foundation is spiritual but is commonly used by atheists as well as agnostics. Work on this program is not limited by time. It is rather a lifelong process of gradual self-improvement.
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Specifics of nursing care of children affected by developmental dysplasia of the hip
MÁLKOVÁ, Veronika
This thesis is dealing with the nursing care in children with developmental dysplasia of the hips. It is focused on it´s specifics. The results of the thesis show that the role of the nurse is important and includes preparations and assistence during the examination. In the nursing care includes especially hygienic care, education, emphasis on prevention of complications. The nurse preforms practical demonstrations of ortopaedics aids. Within the operation care and during hospitalization the empasis is laid on all mentioned above and also on the support of the child - relief of the pain, fear and anxiety.
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The role of the nurse in the prevention of immobilization syndrome after stroke at the department of neurology.
HOLUBCOVÁ, Eliška
Bachelor?s thesis The Role of a nurse in prevention of immobilization syndrom after stroke at the Deprartment of Neurology dwells on the problem of nursing care and prevention of immobilization syndrom of the patients after stroke. The theoretical part of the thesis is aimed at prevention, treatment and examination, which the patient has to go through after stroke and the role of the nurse during these performances. The immobilization syndrom is also described in detail at the thesis. At the conclusion of the theoretical part the author concentrates on the treatment which ought to be performed as a prevention of the immobilization syndrom of the patient after stroke. One of the chapters deals with health care, nutrition, defecation, skin care, mental state and communication with the patient after stroke. The practical part of the bachelor?s thesis focuses especially on qualitative research performed just at the Department of Neurology. The aim of the above mentioned research was to evaluate the role of the nurse in the care of the patient after stroke at the Department of Neurology. In the research the author stated the following question: What is the role of the nurse in the prevention of immobilization syndrom of the patient after stroke? This part also includes interviews with nurses conducted just at the Department of Neurology and the same nurses were also observed during nursing care. The results of the research show that the nurse plays crucial role in the care of the patient after stroke, either as a provider of nursing care or as a communicator, and to a smaller extent as an educator. The thesis also contains a map of nursing care, which describes the correct process during the care of cavity. The nurse can influence the course of disease by correctly performed nursing performances, such as dehydration, malnutrition and dekubital ulcer.
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Subjective Perception of the Life Change of Persons in the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program in České Budějovice.
MARKOVÁ, Kateřina
The thesis focuses on the subjectively perceived changes in the lives of persons in the methadone maintenance treatment program, on their experiencing of the changes and subjective judgment of the treatment. The topic is treated according to the Bio-Psycho-Socio-Spiritual Model of Addiction. The theoretical part deals with the quality of life and the subjectively perceived well-being and defines six dimensions of well-being on which the practical part of the thesis is based. It also elaborates on the Bio-Psycho-Socio-Spiritual Model of Addiction in the context of the methadone maintenance treatment. Moreover, it describes the factors in life change and the motivation to change. The last theoretical chapter focuses on the opioid substitution treatment as such and more specifically on the methadone maintenance treatment. The practical part presents the results of the research. The aim of the thesis is to analyse how the persons in the methadone maintenance treatment program in České Budějovice perceive life changes. A qualitative research was chosen for that purpose. The data were obtained through the technique of narrative interview. The research group consisted of four respondents who were on the methadone maintenance treatment program. The results show that the subjectively perceived changes in the lives of the persons in the methadone maintenance treatment program relate to five out of six dimensions of well-being. No changes were recorded in the dimension concerning the sense of life, in other words, even after a several month methadone maintenance treatment these persons perceive no goal of their lives. Important consequences for work with these persons can be drawn from that, especially for therapists in opioid substitution centres, who should develop spirituality aspects of persons.
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SPECIFICS OF TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLICS, USERS OF NON ALCOHOLICS DRUGS AND GAMBLERS
HOMOLKOVÁ, Kateřina
THE DRIFT OF MY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS WAS TO FIND OUT WHAT THE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE DETOXIFICATION OF ALCOHOLICS, GAMBLERS AND NON-ALCOHOLIC DRUG-ADDICTS ARE IN THE ASYLUM ČERVENÝ DVŮR. THE SECONDARY AIM OF THIS THESIS WAS THE DETERMINATION OF EXTENT AND USEFULNESS OF PARTICULAR THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. TO BE SPECIFIC, IT WAS ART THERAPY, OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY. BY THE INVESTIGATION ON PARTICULAR GROUP OF INFORMANTS WAS FOUND OUT, THAT THERE ARE NOT MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN THE DETOXIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL KINDS OF ADDICTION. THE DISTINCTION THAT RESULTED FROM THE INVESTIGATION CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS FRACTIONAL. THESE IN MY OPINION ARE NOT ONLY FOLLOWING THE KIND OF THE USED DRUG BUT ARE AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS AS THE AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION, DRUG-ADDICT PATH, CAREER, FAMILY RELATIONS, ECONOMIC SITUATION, SOCIAL AND COMMUNICATIONAL SKILLS, WORK HABITS AS WELL AS THE FACT, HOW MANY THERAPIES THE PERSON UNDERGONE BEFORE.
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