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Skiascopic and skiagraphic examination of the spine with a focus on scoliosis
DOSTÁL, Martin
The spine is the body's support system and a supporting pole to the whole skeleton, therefore it is important to take good care of it to prevent its deformities, such as scoliosis. Scoliosis is a serious illness which can appear at a really young age. Nowadays, it's timely detection and early treatment is achieved through not only expert orthopaedic check-up, but mainly through radiological examination, mostly skiagraphy. In my bachelor thesis named "Skiascopic and skiagraphic examination of the spine with a focus on scoliosis" I deal with skiagraphic and fluoroscopic options of examining the spine, the issues of scoliosis in general and with specific statistical analysis of incidents of scoliotic changes recorded at the Radiological clinic of the University hospital Brno, at the department of adult medicine. In the introduction, I explain the basic anatomy of the spine including the movement possibilities of individual spinal parts, such as tilting or rotation. The differences between cervical, thoracic and lumbar part of the spine, and their individual vertebrae, are described. In the next part, I focus on the basic principles of skiagraphy and fluoroscopy. It's important to realise what these examination techniques involve, how they work and why are they indispensable parts of examination process of scoliosis. The origin of x-rays and its types are explicated. I also devote a little subchapter to digitalisation, because in modern medicine, it's gradually replacing original technology of recording on film screens, and its use requires minor adjustements of the skiagraphy procedure. The third part of the bachelor thesis focuses on individual skiascopic and skiagraphic examinations of the spine. I describe procedures of skiagraphy of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar part of the spine including the projection of the sacrum. I mention special skiagraphic methods performed in the process of intentional detection or observation of scoliotic changes, including telemetric pictures composed into the long format. From the skiscopic examinations, I marginally chose myelography and discography, application of which is currently almost none thanks to modern examination methods such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the next chapter, I'm finnaly dealing with the topic of scoliosis itself. The basic classification according to aetiology is shown, I also explain the difference between idiopathic, congenial and neuromuscular scoliosis. Also, I clarify by what reference is the scoliosis' curvature measured and what terms are used to describe scoliosis. The chapter concludes by brief explanation of therapy used for scoliosis. The second part of the thesis includes my research. I present the goals of the work and anticipated hypothesis. I explain where and in what conditions the data collection took place, including description of the process of telemetrical screening at the forementioned workplace in Brno. I also present outcome achieved by statistical processing of data, including my commentary based on hypothesis and acquired experience. In the discussion, I compared incidents of scoliosis today according to my research with professional literature focused on scoliosis. Furthermore, I mentioned options of spinal issues prevention, including related illnesses. I also enclose suggestion of utilization of my work in practice, which, as I hope, will be a usefull addition to clinical research for University hospital Brno. In the last part of my dissertation, I summarize all my findings from the thesis and enclose, along with the list of used literature and internet links, attachments in the form of expertly described radiographs of scoliotical spines, which I obtained, with the consent of the staff, also ati the University hospital Brno.
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The role of radiology assistant by fluoroscopic examination of gastrointestinal tract
REMTOVÁ, Barbora
I focus on working methods of radiologist assistants in various types of examinations of gastrointestinal tract in my thesis. The number of gastrointestinal tract has increased. In latest ten years the number of colorectal carcinomas has been rising, with women in particular, and carcinomas of liver with men. The Czech Republic dominates Europe considering the occurrence of colorectal carcinomas. Therefore these types of examinations have been indicated more and more often. When the carcinoma is found out in an early stage there is a chance of recovery almost for 95% patients. Radiodiagnostic methods are a contribution not only in finding carcinomas, but also in other diseases of GIT. The number of sciascopic method examinations decreases, but still they have their important place in radiodiagnostics. The goal of my work is to show radiodiagnostic methods, such as X-ray, computed tomography, sonography and magnetic resonance. Next I describe in details methods in sciascopic examination and computer tomography. Each of these examinations was described in a single chapter. I describe the task of radiologist assistant at these examinations when his/her presence is necessary. Radiologist assistant is a medical worker working on the departments of radiology, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. During recent years a system of radiologist education has principally changed. It is newly founded on university education. His/her competencies are: to perform the tests of operating stability, to ensure so that the medical radiation were in accordance with principles of radiation protection; to provide nursing care at radiological procedures; to perform sciagraphic procedures and preoperative sciascopy; to perform radiologic imaging procedures at medical radiation; to assist at intervention radiology; to perform therapeutic radiation procedures. Besides other things a radiologist assistant is required to know the anatomy of a human body on well. That is the reason I present a detailed anatomy of gastrointestinal tract in my work. I also present diseases of single parts of GIT, where radiodiagnostic methods are especially used. The goal of the second part is to give a detailed idea of radiologist assistant work on a radiodiagnostic ward CT and sciascopic ward. I used professional literature and questionnaire method for this purpose. The questionnaires were distributed to radiologist assistants working in researched departments. These questionnares were used for answering the research question whether the task of radiologist assistant is less demanding and shorter in time with CT examinations of GIT than with sciascopic examinations. In the chapter Results I described sciascopic methods and CT examinations of GIT. I also described the work of a radiologist assistant and evaluated answers of questioned radiologist assistants. I compared these results with the available professional literature of older and recent issues in the chapter Discussion. The results confirm the asked researched question that the assistance at CT examination is less demanding and shorter in time than at sciascopic methods and comparing to older issues of professional literature we cannot find any significant progress in sciascopic methods. The professional literature from the end of the 20th century describes sciascopic methods and work of radiologist assistants the same way as today is. CT methods were in a developing phase and were improved. The professional literature does not present exact procedures for examinations, therefore the described work of a radiologist assistant at a CT examination is inspired by personal experience from the practice in this branch.
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