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Analysis of mycotoxins from biological matrices using biomembranes and capillary electrophoresis
Kubová, Natália ; Šesták,, Jozef (referee) ; Duša,, Filip (advisor)
This thesis summarizes knowledge about mycotoxins, with focus to ochratoxin A. It also summarizes its tolerable levels of food intake, detoxification and analytical methods for mycotoxins. The work also includes a chapter describing liposomes that were used for the analysis of ochratoxin A by liposomal electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (LECK). The practical part includes the analysis of ochratoxin A from Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm and Aspergillus melleus Yukawa fungi cultivated on a rye and optimization of the method for analysis of ochratoxin A based on liposomes of different compositions. By capillary zone electrophoresis, ochratoxin A is not sufficiently separated and detected in the extracted mixture; conversely, when liposome solutions are used, different migration behavior can be achieved while stabilizing ochratoxin A in solution due to amphiphilic interactions between mycotoxins and liposomes. Therefore, the LEKC method was used for this work. The most suitable liposome composition has been shown to be molar ratios of 25% cholesterol (membrane stabilization) / 50% 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine (main zwitterionic lipid) / (25% 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol)-3-phospho-L-serine (introduction of negative charge).
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ILCA for selected cereal species
PANUŠKOVÁ, Šárka
The aim of this work was to identify and evaluate the environmental burden that arises during the cultivation of wheat and rye. The categories of agrotechnical operations, field emissions, fertilizers and pesticides were compared. The subsequent goal was to compare the resulting environmental burden between conventional and organic farming.
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Analysis of mycotoxins from biological matrices using biomembranes and capillary electrophoresis
Kubová, Natália ; Šesták,, Jozef (referee) ; Duša,, Filip (advisor)
This thesis summarizes knowledge about mycotoxins, with focus to ochratoxin A. It also summarizes its tolerable levels of food intake, detoxification and analytical methods for mycotoxins. The work also includes a chapter describing liposomes that were used for the analysis of ochratoxin A by liposomal electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (LECK). The practical part includes the analysis of ochratoxin A from Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm and Aspergillus melleus Yukawa fungi cultivated on a rye and optimization of the method for analysis of ochratoxin A based on liposomes of different compositions. By capillary zone electrophoresis, ochratoxin A is not sufficiently separated and detected in the extracted mixture; conversely, when liposome solutions are used, different migration behavior can be achieved while stabilizing ochratoxin A in solution due to amphiphilic interactions between mycotoxins and liposomes. Therefore, the LEKC method was used for this work. The most suitable liposome composition has been shown to be molar ratios of 25% cholesterol (membrane stabilization) / 50% 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine (main zwitterionic lipid) / (25% 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol)-3-phospho-L-serine (introduction of negative charge).
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Příčiny nízkých výnosů obilovin v ekologickém systému pěstování
KOTAŠKA, Vladimír
The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the causes of low returns on chosen cereals (oat, wheat, rye, and spelled) in ecological agriculture based on evaluating information on growing procedures obtained via the method of questionnaires. Gradually, 21 ecologically farming companies controlled by the Abcert AB a Biokont CZ, s.r.o. organizations were chosen. Based on the analysis of growing procedures, the most frequent mistakes made by farmers were identified. Companies with lower returns apply mainly an inappropriate structure of crops grown, a high representation of cereals, and they do not respect crop rotation principles. Especially in favourble conditions, some farms are run without livestock production. Leguminosae representation is low in most companies, intercrops are used very seldom. In case of straw plow, the C:N ratio is not maintained using manure. Mineral manure is not used at all, liming very seldom. Vegetation is usually not fertilized during vegetation period. Cereal weed regulation is carried out, but not sufficiently. Using farm seed is quite frequent, which increases the growth of weed. Comparing returns on cereal among better and worse companies, it is obvious that respecting given principles may increase return on seed in 1.0 to 1.9 t/ha.
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Rye and triticale growing in Czech Republic
MACHNÍK, Jiří
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to summarize the knowledge about cultivation of the rye and triticale in the Czech Republic. A partial goal was to summarize the knowledge about the use of life and tritical and the suitability for sustained management systems.
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Evaluation of selected cereals in conventional and organic farming - protein content and impact on greenhouse gases emissions
VEBROVÁ, Ivana
Agriculture is, after fossil fuels, the second largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions, which are responsible for global climate change, and it is necessary to look for ways to reduce this environmental load. Cereals are the most cultivated crops in the world, so it is appropriate to examine their share of this load. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate and compare the environmental aspects of the cultivation of selected cereals (wheat, rye and barley) in the conventional and ecological farming system. The resulting environmental load was first calculated on 1 kg of grain, and then the load was recalculated to a load of 1 kg of protein contained in grain of selected cereals. Protein content in grain is one of the grain quality indicators. A simplified LCA method has been used for the environmental load calculations. This method is used for environmental impact assessments and covers the whole life cycle of the product.
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Protein composition of flours and bakery products
Rychlovská, Kristýna ; Čapek Adamec, Martin (advisor) ; Hynek, Radovan (referee)
The aim of this study was to carry out an analysis of a protein composition of diferent crop species using the method of peptide mass mapping. The samples were analysed using analytical method LC/ESI-Q-TOF and the acquired spectra were compared with the plant protein databases. The origin of the found plants was discussed in the aspect of the reliability of the used method considering the taxonomical relationships in the taxonomical group. The results of the analysis were compared with the food composition specified by the producer, and it was evaluated, if it is possible to verify the protein composition by using the applied method. In case of maize (Zea mays) this method is considered as reliable, because all of the found proteins were indentified as maize proteins. In case of rice (Oryza sativa) and pea (Pisum sativum), only one, respectively, two proteins of different plants species were found in the number of the relevant plant proteins. This method was evaluated as not so reliable for samples made of cereals (Poaceae). It is possible to conclude, whether the product comes from Poaceae or not, but it is impossible to verify the taxon of genus or the inferior taxons. This fact was in a great extent disscused in this thesis - the reason is probably the resemblance of Poaceae, and the...
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Efektivnost produkce vybraných polních plodin v ekologickém a konvenčním zemědělství
KOTAŠKA, Vladimír
This bachelor thesis compares grain production efficiency in conventional and organic agricultural settings. The testing objects are wheat, barley, and rye. In the practical section of this work, the gained data are analyzed from the perspective of revenue, cost, and price from the years 2010 to 2015. From the research outcome the organic agriculture can ensure only about one half of the conventional agricultural production; on the other side, the price reaches 1.5 times higher values in the organic produced crops. The cost structure is different. Material cost appears higher under the conventional conditions. Manual labor and machinery use increase under the organic circumstances. Conventional agriculture shows more beneficial in reflection of the contribution margin and return on cost (ROC) calculations. However, when production subsidies are incorporated, organic agricultural production reaches more favorable economical results.
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The use of cereals for biogas production
FENCL, Lukáš
In these days, renewable resources is a very current topic which also includes biogas production in agricultural biogas stations. Some of the main raw materials used to produce biogas are cereals, which we will be focusing on in this thesis. The use of cereals for energetic purposes results in decreasing the state of non-renewable resources in nature. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarise findings of various possibilities for utilisation of cereals to produce biogas and compare cereals of the 1st and 2nd group. Describe biogas and biogas station linked with it as such, we used biogas station in company ZS Kozojedy, a.s. Cereals are split into two groups and in order to produce biogas you may use both of these groups. Bachelor thesis is mainly focused on two main crops which are now a days very important for production of biogas. Included between these two crops also are: firstly maize, which has worldwide representation in crops grown mainly to make silage; and secondly rye which is more part of new crops from which silage is already being made.
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