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Analysis of hazardous metals in rPET granulate
Souček, Elena ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
Production of polymer products has increased rapidly in recent decades. Especially in food industry as a packaging it gained a dominant position when it replaced previously used materials. Due to the direct risk for human health it is necessary to be careful and pay attention to their composition. It is also necessary to develop methods to properly recycle and reuse already used material, not only produce new products. This thesis deals with the study of the content of risk elements in PET regranulate. The samples were completely decomposed by microwave radiation in an environment of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid. They were subsequently analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Flame atomization technique (FAAS) was used to determine Sb and Zn and electrothermal atomization (ETAAS) to determine Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni. This method was also used to study migration of antimony from samples to food simulant under different conditions (temperature, pH). This thesis follows up on the thesis of Mrs. Kryštofová who studied recycled PET flakes.
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Production technology of the connector body from recykled material
Brhel, Michal ; Sedlařík, Vladimír (referee) ; Kandus, Bohumil (advisor)
Study developed during the Master's degree studies of Mechanical Engineering deals with the use of recycled plastic in the injection molding and its influence on the mechanical properties of the mold. Examined product is used in the automotive industry as a connector body. The housing is manufactured from a plastic material, polyamide. The annual production volume of 3 000 000 pieces. According to tests specified in standard USCAR2 regrind influence on mechanical properties and dimensions was evaluated. After the technical evaluation of the project, research was also judged from economic point of view. In this task, savings with the different content of the recycled material during production was calculated. The final chapters justify change of properties and they are proposing the use of recycled materials in practice.
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Properties of polyethylene blown-films dependent on their composition
Štaffová, Martina ; Poláček, Petr (referee) ; Tocháček, Jiří (advisor)
This work deals with the influence of quantity of recycled material on physical properties of blown-film. The task of this work is to prepare set of laboratory made films with amount of LLDPE granulate from 0 to 100 % with addition of LDPE recycled material and furthermore with addition of filler, calcite. The following methods were used for characterization of blown films: tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy. The same measurements were performed also on industrial made blown-film.
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The influence of recycled material on weathering and accelerated aging of high density polyethylene
Borguľová, Eva ; Tocháček, Jiří (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
The thesis deals with the testing of moulded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) samples that have been exposed to natural weather conditions for 9 months and accelerated ageing at 65 °C for 1000 hours. One sample was white in colour (made from commercial granulate) and four were black, one of which would have been prepared from 10 year old recycled material (recyclate), the other three were blends of this with white HDPE at 30, 60 and 90 % ratios. Infrared spectroscopy with ATR technique, static and dynamic tensile testing, differential compensation calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the changes in composition, structure and mechanical properties. The results showed that photooxidation occurred in all samples after the 1st month of exposure. Inhibition of degradation was noted after 3 months but increased again with time. The change in the mechanistic properties over time is a response of cleavage and recombination, but also of crystallization or crosslinking. The black color proved to be a stabiliser, as the clear samples remained largely tough after accelerated ageing, in contrast to the white sample which became quite brittle, as confirmed by the highest carbonyl index value. Thus, it can be assumed that with moderate UV stabilization the recyclable material is reusable for production, especially the proportion of 30 % (higher proportions caused a decrease in toughness).
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The influence of regranulate on structure and properties of high density polyethylene
Handlíř, Tadeáš ; Poláček, Petr (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
The presented diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the influence of the addition of 30, 60 and 90 % of recycled material on the structure and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), where recycled material represents both HDPE from a several years old part and material multiple reprocessed by extrusion. The changes of supramolecular structure were examined by calorimetric measurement, which did not indicate degradation of the material due to multiple extrusion. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests and dynamic-mechanical analysis. Both measurements showed the same trend, where the first and second pass of the material through the extruder led to improved mechanical properties, e.g. to increase stiffness, while the influence of the third and fourth passes through the extruder had not a significant effect on the mechanical properties. In terms of the structure and mechanical properties, a positive effect of the combination of material after the second extrusion passing (30%) with virgin material was recorded.
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Mechanical properties and structure of blends of recycled polyethylene with linear low density polyethylene
Kocandová, Jana ; Poláček, Petr (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
Recycled material produced during three months from packing polyethylene foils coming from three suppliers was analysed together with one recycled material under complaint from the point of melt flow index (MFI), composition and mechanical properties. The addition of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) into the recycled material was studied as well. It was measured melt flow index (MFI), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) together with Thermogravimetry methods were used to determine composition. Selected materials were pressed to obtain films with the thickness of 1 mm to determine tensile properties. Recycled materials contained 40–65% LLDPE, small amount of polypropylene as well as chalk. The content of LDPE and LLDPE varied within one supplier and thus mechanical properties did. The results showed the difference in quality of PE films separation among all suppliers. The problems with workability of material under complaint were caused by the material composition – the amount of LLDPE predominated. The addition of LLDPE into the recycled material in the range of 5–20 % increased MFI by 13-78%. Mechanical properties of blends rich in LLDPE were similar to those of clear LLDPE. The presence of LDPE influenced more markedly only the strength to break. The blends of LDPE and LLDPE were evaluated as immiscible but with high affinity of the components with increasing contend of LLDPE. No material was chemically degraded. The methods commonly performed in manufacture, especially MFI, are not able to differentiate LDPE form LLDPE – recommended is DSC.
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The influence of recycled material on weathering and accelerated aging of high density polyethylene
Borguľová, Eva ; Tocháček, Jiří (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
The thesis deals with the testing of moulded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) samples that have been exposed to natural weather conditions for 9 months and accelerated ageing at 65 °C for 1000 hours. One sample was white in colour (made from commercial granulate) and four were black, one of which would have been prepared from 10 year old recycled material (recyclate), the other three were blends of this with white HDPE at 30, 60 and 90 % ratios. Infrared spectroscopy with ATR technique, static and dynamic tensile testing, differential compensation calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the changes in composition, structure and mechanical properties. The results showed that photooxidation occurred in all samples after the 1st month of exposure. Inhibition of degradation was noted after 3 months but increased again with time. The change in the mechanistic properties over time is a response of cleavage and recombination, but also of crystallization or crosslinking. The black color proved to be a stabiliser, as the clear samples remained largely tough after accelerated ageing, in contrast to the white sample which became quite brittle, as confirmed by the highest carbonyl index value. Thus, it can be assumed that with moderate UV stabilization the recyclable material is reusable for production, especially the proportion of 30 % (higher proportions caused a decrease in toughness).
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The influence of regranulate on structure and properties of high density polyethylene
Handlíř, Tadeáš ; Poláček, Petr (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
The presented diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the influence of the addition of 30, 60 and 90 % of recycled material on the structure and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), where recycled material represents both HDPE from a several years old part and material multiple reprocessed by extrusion. The changes of supramolecular structure were examined by calorimetric measurement, which did not indicate degradation of the material due to multiple extrusion. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests and dynamic-mechanical analysis. Both measurements showed the same trend, where the first and second pass of the material through the extruder led to improved mechanical properties, e.g. to increase stiffness, while the influence of the third and fourth passes through the extruder had not a significant effect on the mechanical properties. In terms of the structure and mechanical properties, a positive effect of the combination of material after the second extrusion passing (30%) with virgin material was recorded.
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Mechanical properties and structure of blends of recycled polyethylene with linear low density polyethylene
Kocandová, Jana ; Poláček, Petr (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
Recycled material produced during three months from packing polyethylene foils coming from three suppliers was analysed together with one recycled material under complaint from the point of melt flow index (MFI), composition and mechanical properties. The addition of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) into the recycled material was studied as well. It was measured melt flow index (MFI), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) together with Thermogravimetry methods were used to determine composition. Selected materials were pressed to obtain films with the thickness of 1 mm to determine tensile properties. Recycled materials contained 40–65% LLDPE, small amount of polypropylene as well as chalk. The content of LDPE and LLDPE varied within one supplier and thus mechanical properties did. The results showed the difference in quality of PE films separation among all suppliers. The problems with workability of material under complaint were caused by the material composition – the amount of LLDPE predominated. The addition of LLDPE into the recycled material in the range of 5–20 % increased MFI by 13-78%. Mechanical properties of blends rich in LLDPE were similar to those of clear LLDPE. The presence of LDPE influenced more markedly only the strength to break. The blends of LDPE and LLDPE were evaluated as immiscible but with high affinity of the components with increasing contend of LLDPE. No material was chemically degraded. The methods commonly performed in manufacture, especially MFI, are not able to differentiate LDPE form LLDPE – recommended is DSC.
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Production technology of the connector body from recykled material
Brhel, Michal ; Sedlařík, Vladimír (referee) ; Kandus, Bohumil (advisor)
Study developed during the Master's degree studies of Mechanical Engineering deals with the use of recycled plastic in the injection molding and its influence on the mechanical properties of the mold. Examined product is used in the automotive industry as a connector body. The housing is manufactured from a plastic material, polyamide. The annual production volume of 3 000 000 pieces. According to tests specified in standard USCAR2 regrind influence on mechanical properties and dimensions was evaluated. After the technical evaluation of the project, research was also judged from economic point of view. In this task, savings with the different content of the recycled material during production was calculated. The final chapters justify change of properties and they are proposing the use of recycled materials in practice.
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