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The effect of metabolite terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy on early life stages of marbled crayfish
PEŘINOVÁ, Eliška
Terbuthylazine belongs to the group of pesticides on triazine-based for use in agriculture as herbicides. Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy is the main metabolite of terbuthylazine. The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy on mortality, growth, occurrence the deformations and the development of early life stages, and levels of oxidative stress, assess the activity of antioxidant enzymes of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) and also augment data for assessing the impact of this metabolite on the environment. For assess of effect of this metabolite was used embryo larval toxicity test with crayfish. The effect of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy was evaluated in four concentrations (0.75 g.l-1, 75 g.l-1, 375 g.l-1 and 750 g.l-1) for 62 days. Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy in concentrations 375 g.l-1 and 750 g.l-1 caused decrease of activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS) and inhibition of growth. Inhibition of growth was also observed in the group exposed to 75 g.l-1 of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. Additionally, there was delay in ontogenetic development of crayfish exposed to concentration 750 g.l-1. The real tested concentration of 75 g.l-1 terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy had no effect to monitored indices in the early life stages of marbled crayfish. Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy caused oxidative damage of cellular lipids and proteins, changes in antioxidant activity, reduction of growth, delay in ontogenetic development of marbled crayfish.
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Vliv vybraných kardiovaskulárních léčiv nalézaných ve vodním prostředí na ryby
STEINBACH, Christoph Antonius
Cardiovascular pharmaceuticals are among the most prescribed drugs. As a result of the high consumption, these pharmaceuticals have been frequently detected in waste and surface waters. Verapamil, diltiazem and atenolol are very important representatives of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals; therefore, the present research focused on their acute and sub-chronic effects, bioconcentration, half-life time and metabolism in fish. Moreover, unified protocol for the quantitative assessment of histopathological alterations on the heart ventricle and coronary blood vessels employing heart index calculation was developed with the aim to better assess histopathological changes in fish heart which is one of the targets of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. The effects caused by high concentrations of the studied substances, verapamil, diltiazem and atenolol, in fish can be considered similar to the therapeutic effects and side effects that are found in humans. The acute exposure to verapamil at the human therapeutic plasma level reduced the heart rate in common carp embryos and larvae. In addition, the acute and chronic exposure to this substance caused peripheral edema and gastrointestinal haemorrhage in carp. Similarly, the histological changes in heart and the blood vessels of the liver in diltiazem exposed rainbow trout suggested vasodilatation similar to the pharmacological effect of diltiazem in the human body. In rainbow trout sub-chronically exposed to atenolol at a human therapeutic blood plasma concentration, histopathological changes in the cardiovascular system were found. The bioconcentration of verapamil, diltiazem and atenolol in fish can be classified as low. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of verapamil in whole body homogenates of common carp ranged between 6.6 and 16.6. The BCF of diltiazem was also relatively low (0.5-194) in analysed tissues of trout, following the order kidney liver muscle blood plasma. BCF of atenolol in rainbow trout tissues was the lowest among the tested substances (BCF = 0.002-0.27), following the order of liver > kidney > muscle. In the blood plasma, the concentration of atenolol was below the limit of quantification. Verapamil showed a longer half-life time (10.6 days) in fish compared to the human body, indicating the slow rate of biotransformation and/or elimination of verapamil in fish. Estimated half-life times of diltiazem in liver (1.5 h) and kidney (6.2 h) were in the same order of magnitudes as those determined for the human blood plasma. The half-life time of atenolol in trout was not studied, because of its very low bioconcentration. In diltiazem exposed rainbow trout, 8 groups of metabolites of diltiazem with 17 different isoforms were identified using liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. Diltiazem was found to undergo a biotransformation involving desmethylation, desacethylation and hydroxylation in fish. These results showed that diltiazem was metabolised in fish in a similar way like in the human body by desmethylation and desacethylation. On the other hand, hydroxylation, which was involved to a minor extent, seemed to be species specific. Verapamil had no effect on early life stages of common carp at the environmentally relevant concentration after one month lasting exposure. On the other hand, atenolol and diltiazem in environmentally realistic concentrations caused after 42-day exposure some physiological changes in rainbow trout. Namely, atenolol affected haematological and biochemical parameters of the blood in exposed rainbow trout and diltiazem caused changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in trout liver and gills. These data indicated that atenolol and diltiazem, when present in the aquatic environment, could be a source of sub-lethal detrimental effects in fish.
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The effects of prometryne on early life stages of common carp
LIDOVÁ, Jaroslava
The effects of prometryne on early life stages of common carp Prometryne belongs to the triazine group of herbicides, which are used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of prometryne on mortality, occurrence of deformation, growth and development of early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). For assessing the impact of ryne on the early developmental stages of carp was used the method of embryo-larval toxicity test for fish (OECD test n. 210). Toxic effect of prometryne at four concentrations (0.51 micrograms.l-1, 80 micrograms.l-1, 1.2 mg.l-1 and 4 mg.l-1) was investigated during 35 days. Negative effects on mortality and growth were observed in the experimental group number four with the highest concentration of prometryne (4 mg.l-1). Retardation of ontogeny development of carp was observed in the experimental groups number three and four (concentrations 1.2 mg.l-1 and 4 mg.l-1). On the basic of test results was estimated at 35 day LC50 = 2,314 mg.l-1 prometryne. Based on mortality in experimental group was estimated LOEC = 1,10 mg.l-1 and NOEC = 0,85 mg.l-1 prometryne.
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