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Instruments for precipitation measurement from history to the present
Lipina, P. ; Procházka, J. ; Tesař, Miroslav
The precipitation amount is one of the most important meteorological elements. It is of fundamental importance for the creation of climatological characteristics, it is the basis of the water balance and the primarily monitored element in the forecasting and warning service. Precipitation measurement has been burdened with many uncertainties for a long time and is therefore consistently given due attention.\nThe first measurement of precipitation in Europe dates back to the 17th century. Regular but not complete measurements of precipitation at Prague's Klementine observatory began in 1752 (continuous series since 1804), in Brno in 1803. In 1817, M.A. David wrote the first guide for observing the weather in Bohemia, published in German, intended for volunteer observers. The activities of institutions and various associations, such as the Prague Klementinum, the Natural Research Society in Brno, the Central Institute for Meteorology and Earth Magnetism and others, had a fundamental influence on the establishment of meteorological stations and precipitation measurements. The Hydrographic Commission for the Kingdom of the Czech Republic and its hydrometric section were founded in 1875 under the leadership of F. J. Studnička E. Purkyně was responsible for the significant expansion of precipitation measurement at that time as part of the construction of a network of forest precipitation measuring stations. \nFor more than 200 years, rain gauges and precipitation measurements have been developed. The Metra 886 manual rain gauge, which has been used for a long time in the Czech lands, was developed according to the Austrian model of prof. Kostlivý. Since 1995, the automation of rainfall measurement was started, first with tipping bucket raingauges, which are gradually being replaced by weighing raingauges. Alternative methods of measuring precipitation are being tested in\nremote and forested areas. This post tries to bring the history, standards and development of precipitation measurement in our country at least as a guide.
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The development of a method for evaluation of the green roofs' retention capacity
Herůfek, Marek ; Hejduk,, Stanislav (referee) ; Žák, Antonín (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the development of methods for evaluating retention features of green roofs. For the purpose of this thesis, a rainfall simulator was designed and various types of precipitation were examined. The thesis is divided into two main parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the importance of water retention on green roofs is discussed. In addition, a physical theory related to this topic is included and various rainfall simulators used for scientific experiments in the Czech Republic and abroad are described. The practical part deals with the measurement of droplet size and rainfall simulator design. In this part, the process of measuring the flow and the intensity of rainfall by using scales, flow meter and rain gauge is described. For this purpose, a datalogger was developed by the Faculty of Eletrical Engineering in Brno. Finally, the results are sumarized and recommendations on how to conduct the research in the future are provided.
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Automated area measurement of precipitation intensity via a network of microwave links
Bubniak, Milan ; Pospíšil, Ondřej (referee) ; Musil, Petr (advisor)
Point-to-point microwave links can be utilized as a large sensor network to measure rainfall. This work deals with the application of this procedure in practice. The first part of the thesis deals with atmospheric precipitation in general and standard methods of their measurement; and the propagation of the microwave signal and various causes of its attenuation, focusing on the attenuation caused by rain and the recommendation ITU-R P.838. This is followed by a state of the art summarization of the measurement of rainfall by microwave links. In the second part of the work, a manual procedure for calculating rainfall from microwave link data is performed, taking wet antenna attenuation into account. Then the creation of a support tool in the C# language is being described, which supply the data to the functions of the RAINLINK rainfall calculation library. Several rainfall calculations that are validated by physical rain gauges are performed. Furthermore, the own Telcorain application for rainfall calculation is created in the Python language, based on the pycomlink library. It has a graphical user interface created in PyQt. Several rainfall calculations validated by rain gauges are performed again, and the results are compared with the RAINLINK library.
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The design of an accurate rain gauge with the ability of real-time reading
Jílek, Jiří ; Mašek, Pavel (referee) ; Možný, Radek (advisor)
Rainfall estimation using point-to-point microwave links is a promising way to expand the rain gauge network in the future. However, this opportunistic measurement method is still in the research phase and faces several problems. This paper focuses on one of the problems of this research area, namely the insufficient number of existing rain gauges on the path of the microwave link for the correlation of measured data, by designing a portable rain gauge using data transmission to a remote server using narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT ) technology. To expand its capabilities, the device is also equipped with temperature sensors and a light level sensor. The device is designed with an emphasis on desirable low energy consumption, as it should be able to measure data even without the reach of the electrical network. The outcome of this work is the verification of the functionality of the device in a real environment and the evaluation of its suitability for the intended use case.
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Automated area measurement of precipitation intensity via a network of microwave links
Bubniak, Milan ; Pospíšil, Ondřej (referee) ; Musil, Petr (advisor)
Point-to-point microwave links can be utilized as a large sensor network to measure rainfall. This work deals with the application of this procedure in practice. The first part of the thesis deals with atmospheric precipitation in general and standard methods of their measurement; and the propagation of the microwave signal and various causes of its attenuation, focusing on the attenuation caused by rain and the recommendation ITU-R P.838. This is followed by a state of the art summarization of the measurement of rainfall by microwave links. In the second part of the work, a manual procedure for calculating rainfall from microwave link data is performed, taking wet antenna attenuation into account. Then the creation of a support tool in the C# language is being described, which supply the data to the functions of the RAINLINK rainfall calculation library. Several rainfall calculations that are validated by physical rain gauges are performed. Furthermore, the own Telcorain application for rainfall calculation is created in the Python language, based on the pycomlink library. It has a graphical user interface created in PyQt. Several rainfall calculations validated by rain gauges are performed again, and the results are compared with the RAINLINK library.
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The development of a method for evaluation of the green roofs' retention capacity
Herůfek, Marek ; Hejduk,, Stanislav (referee) ; Žák, Antonín (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the development of methods for evaluating retention features of green roofs. For the purpose of this thesis, a rainfall simulator was designed and various types of precipitation were examined. The thesis is divided into two main parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the importance of water retention on green roofs is discussed. In addition, a physical theory related to this topic is included and various rainfall simulators used for scientific experiments in the Czech Republic and abroad are described. The practical part deals with the measurement of droplet size and rainfall simulator design. In this part, the process of measuring the flow and the intensity of rainfall by using scales, flow meter and rain gauge is described. For this purpose, a datalogger was developed by the Faculty of Eletrical Engineering in Brno. Finally, the results are sumarized and recommendations on how to conduct the research in the future are provided.
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