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The effect of helminth infection on the productivity of beef cattle
BRABCOVÁ, Aneta
The study aimed to observe the effect of the helminth infection on the productivity of beef cattle breeds. Samples of feces were collected from farms in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic from the Highland, Limousine, Aberdeen Angus, Galloway and Beef Simmental breeds. A total of five cattle farms were monitored during the study. Coprological methods confirmed the presence of parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Chabertia ovina. Due to the low prevalence of these parasites in the monitored cattle farms, there was no weight loss nor reduction in production. The results of the study demonstrated 100% effectiveness of the targeted veterinary treatment.
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Prevalence and risk factors of malaria among children under 5 years and the prevention and treatment regimens in the Kitase community of Ghana
Amponsah, Ebo Owusu
The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of malaria in children under the age of five living in the Kitase Community in Ghana, as well as possible causes, preventative measures, and therapeutic approaches. The principal goals of the research were accomplished through the use of a hospital-based cross-section design, which required the gathering of primary data from women living in the Kitase township, which is located within the Akuapim South Municipal Assembly in Ghana. For the analysis, we utilised version 16 of the STATA statistical software. The chi-squared test and logistic regression were performed to determine the relationship between malaria incidence and household and environmental characteristics. Findings showed that malaria prevalence among under 5 children was 19.62% with a total of 46.15% with at least occurrence of malaria illness in the past three months. Also, ownership of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) was 77.31%, and its use among 58.46% of mothers. However, Environmental characteristics such as bushes, waste dumpsites, stagnant water, and breeding areas around the house increase the odds of malaria infection by AOR of 1.885, 2.455, 2.197, and 2.060, respectively. Therefore, the study recommends that health authorities in the study area ensure the proper usage of LLINs (mosquito nets) through regular and effective education on preventive measures and ensure that good sanitation is observed in settlements.
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Preventivní opatření ke snižování prevalence anémie v důsledku nedostatečné výživy - porovnání strategií Egypta a Afghánistánu
Coufalová, Andrea
Coufalová, A., Preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of anemia due to insufficient nutrition – a comparison of Egypt and Afghanistan strategies. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno. Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, 2022. The thesis is based on a comparison of strategies to reduce the prevalence of anemia due to insufficient nutrition in two developing countries where the occurrence of anemia is a significant problem. Nutritional anemia currently represents a major problem of food security, which is caused primarily by the intake of food insufficient to cover the daily need for vitamins and minerals. More specifically, it was Egypt and Afghanistan, with each country trying to reduce the incidence of nutritional anemia in a different way. The comparison of the strategies of the two selected countries was based on the results of data available on the official websites of both individual countries and international institutions. The economic level was also compared to the possibility of comparing strategies and justifying causal ones. The strategy to reduce the prevalence of anemia in Egypt was found to be more successful than the strategy implemented in Afghanistan. The reason for these results was the different socio-economic level of the two countries, the political situation and other investigated factors that have an incalculable impact on nutrition. Fortification of basic food, which is a suitable tool to reduce nutritional anemia in the lower strata of the population and was successful in Egypt, cannot be implemented in developing countries in which a strong role of the state apparatus to promote long-term strategic goals does not work.
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Studium prevalence a subtypové diverzity střevního prvoka rodu Blastocystis sp. ve zdravé lidské populaci v České republice
BROŽOVÁ, Kristýna
Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal protist colonizing the human intestine. Its role in the human gut ecosystem remains unclear. Here, we aimed to expand the knowledge of the epidemiology of Blastocystis sp. in the gut-healthy humans in the Czech Republic, including the distribution of its subtypes, the correlation between its occurrence and several factors such as lifestyle, contact with animals, age, and sex. A total of 288 stool samples were obtained from asymptomatic individuals over the entire age-range and 136 samples from animals with which the volunteers were in frequent contact. All samples were examined in parallel by PCR and xenic in vitro culture.
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Prevalence of food intolerance and allergy in the adult population of the Czech Republic
CHUDOBOVÁ TVRDÍKOVÁ, Marta
Purpose of this diploma thesis is mapping of prevalence of food intolerance and food allergy in the adult population. Theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the basic terms in this field - as are food intolerance, particular sorts of food intolerance, food allergy, crossed food allergies and also specific types of allergens. Next chapter describes adulthood from the aspect of developmental psychology and also from the legislative point of view. Further the general principles in case of food intolerance or food allergy are contained here. In the practical part, there was surveyed the prevalence of food intolerance or food allergy in the adult population. These data were obtained by means of a questionnaire of own construction. The questionnaire included 13 questions. In total 84 respondents took part in this questionnaire survey. From the results is evident that food intolerance or allergy appears mostly by women (72,6 %) - mainly in the population at the age of 18 - 28 years. The food allergy is the most frequent. According to the results milk, nuts and cereals belong to the frequent allergens. Gluten intolerance appears most frequently.
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Průzkum výskytu oportunního prvoka, \kur{Giardia intestinalis}, u zdravých lidí a jejich zvířat v ČR s použitím qPCR
BROŽOVÁ, Kristýna
The main aim of this study was to optimize the qPCR diagnostic protocol for determination of the prevalence of intestinal protist, Giardia intestinalis, in a volunteer group across the Czech Republic. A total of 428 samples were collected from gut-healthy humans (296) and from animals (132) with which these people were in close contact. The overall prevalence of G. intestinalis was 7 % in humans and 19 % in animals. In addition, we compared the sensitivity of two molecular methods for detecting of the presence of giardia, specifically qPCR and conventional PCR. Based on our results, we found out that qPCR is more sensitive method than PCR.
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OCCURRENCE AND GENOTYPISATION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIES IN OSTRICHES IN FARM BREED
HEJZLAROVÁ, Adéla
Avian cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic disease caused by unicellular parasites belonging to the genus Cryptosporidium spp. These parasites have been described as a cause of various respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases of humans, farm and wild animals. Total of 204 faecal samples of common ostriches (Struthio camelus) were collected on four ostrich farms in the Czech Republic. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium presence by microscopy and PCR/sequencing. Overall, 2.5 % (5/204) and 5.9 % (12/204) of animals were positive for Cryptosporidium by microscopy and PCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA, actin and gp60 gene sequences showed the presence of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II (n=7) and C. ubiquitum IXa (n=5). Only ostriches infected with Cryptosporidium avian genotype II shed oocysts that were detectable by microscopy. Oocysts were purified from a pooled sample of four birds, characterised morphometrically and used in experimental infections to determine biological characteristics. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II measure 6.13 × 5.15 m, which is indistinguishable from C. baileyi and C. avium. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was experimentally infectious for geese (Anser anser f. domestica), chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), with a prepatent period of four, seven and eight days post infection, respectively and not infectious for mice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). The infection intensity ranged from 1,000 to 16,000 oocysts per gram. None of the naturally or experimentally infected birds developed clinical signs in the present study.
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Kryptosporidiové infekce veverek
ŠVAJLENOVÁ, Kamila
We investigated the Cryptosporidium spp. infecting red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in 27 areas in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Examination of 157 faecal samples revealed oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. in 14 animals (21.98%). Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA, actin and gp60 gene sequences showed the presence of Cryptosporidium infection in 14 animals. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium ferret genotype in all positive samples. Three gp60 subtypes, VIIIb, VIIIc and novel subtype VIIIe were detected within screed population of squirrels. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection did not differ between the age or sex of animals. Only juvenile animals shed microscopically detectable amount of oocysts. The infection intensity ranged from 100000 to 250000 oocysts per gram. None of the naturally infected squirrels developed clinical signs in the present study. Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I obtained from naturally infected Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy and used for experiments was infectious for mice (Mus musculus; strains SCID, C57BL/6J, CD4-/- and CD8-/-), ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and red squirrels, with a prepatent period of 10, 4, 4, 4, 4 and 11 days post- infection, respectively. Oocysts of the Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I measured 5,64 (5,50-5,89) × 5,37 (4,86-5,60) m (shape index 1,05 (1,01-1,14)). All mice strains except SCID clear infection within 8-18 days post-infection. Clinical cryptosporidiosis was observed in SCID mice, ferret and squirrels, but only squirrels suffer severe diarrhoea and the infection was lethal for them. SCID mice represent the suitable laboratory model host for maintenance of Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I.
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