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Incubation effort in Common Pochard and its determinants
Drekslerová, Šárka ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Musil, Petr (referee)
Incubation of avian eggs is an energy demanding process. Incubating parent faces a conflict between investment into optimal thermal conditions for developig embryos and meeting of own energy requirements. This applies especially in uniparental incubators such as ducks. During incubation, female utilizes energy from fat storage or actual food intake. The proportion of energy used from food than may reflect the time spent by female on the nest. The utilizing of these both sources ratio plays a role in time spent on nest. The aim of the thesis was to describe an incubation rhythm in females of Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) and relate them to climatic variables and changes in body mass. Data were collecetd for three years in the Poodříí Landscape Protected Area at free-living females. We placed a weighting mechanism under the nest with conected datalogger recording voltage variations, which offered me an information about female body mass and time and duration of recesses. Incubation rhytm of females was described by time spent on time ("incubation constancy"), recess frequency and recess duration. Females left the nest most grequently at night-time and during dawn and dusk. Probable explanation of this pattern is better food availability in the night-time and lower risk of nest predation by predators...
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Brood parasitism in Common Pochard - a proteomic analysis
Petrželková, Adéla ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Piálková, Radka (referee)
Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) is a situation, when female (a parasite) lays egg or eggs in a nest of other conspecific female (a host). Then she leaves the nest and doesn't provide any subsequent parental care, such incubation and care for young. To distinguish between parasitic and host egg or young could be difficult, because there are not obvious morphological differences. CBP was documented in more than 234 species and its frequency is different between species, but also between population of the same species. The main aim of my master thesis was to describe the degree of parasitism in two population of Common Pochard (Aythya ferina). The field work was carried out from 2004-2006 in Třeboň Biosphere Reserve and form 2008-2010 in Poodří Landscape Protected Area. We found that the degree of CBP is relatively high. In Třeboň was found 72 % (41) of parasitized nests and 32 % (165) of parasitic eggs and in Poodří 93 % (39) of parasitized nests and 37 % (153) of parasitic eggs. The mean number of eggs per clutch was around 9 and mean number of host eggs per clutch was 6 in Třeboň. The mean number of eggs per clutch in Poodří was about 10, and the mean number of host eggs was also about 6. The mean number of parasitic eggs per clutch was 3 resp. 4. It was also found, that parasitized nests are...
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Conspecific brood parasitism: a case study on the common pochard and the barn swallow
Petrželková, Adéla ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Musil, Petr (referee) ; Guillemain, Matthieu (referee)
Presented thesis is mainly concerned with the conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) in birds. CBP is an alternative reproductive strategy when a parasitic female lay egg or eggs to other (host) female's nest of the same species. Then the parasitic female leaves the host's nest and does not provide any energetic investment in a subsequent parental care. Distinguish parasitic eggs or young is problematic because there are no obvious morphological differences. Thus, the use of molecular method is crucial for proper determination of CBP. CBP can be used as 'a best-of-bad-job' when female does not have her own nest or lost her nest for example through predation. Other option is that female can increase her fecundity ('fecundity enhancement' hypothesis) when she lay parasitic egg/eggs and care about her own clutch afterward. Two different model species were studied. The first one was a precocial diving duck - the common pochard (Aythya ferina; Anseriformes; Anatidae). Protein fingerprinting was used for detection of CBP and for distinguishing between eggs of individual females. It was found that the rate of CBP was relatively high in this species (91%, 72%; Chapter 1, 4). Further results indicated that the host clutch size decreased with the number of parasitic eggs in the clutch. The study of individual...
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Effect of breeding fidelity on reproductive sukccess of diving ducks
Kejzlarová, Tereza ; Musil, Petr (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Breeding site fidelity and its effect on reproductive success was investigated in two diving ducks species, i.e. Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) and Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) in the Trebon region and the surroundings using caught and individually marked females, searching for nests, and monitoring of marked individuals and its broods. In both studied species, the fidelity ratio (apparent survival, MARK software) was around 65 %. Evaluating the influencing factors, impact of previous reproductive success in the phase of rearing ducklings was found to be the only one statistically significant factor. Furthermore, we compared reproductive parameters (i.e clutch size, laying date, reproductive success) in the first and subsequent year of study. The statistically significant relationship was found between the timing of nesting in the first and in any subsequent year in the Tufted Duck . When comparing the reproductive success in relation to hatched or unhatched clutches and reared or not reared ducklings, we do not confirm any significant shift. Successful females were not able to improve or even repeat their reproductive success in the following years, which could result in subsequent lower degree of fidelity. Subsequently, there is a female dispersion and reduction of the reproductive success of...
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Conspecific brood parasitism: a case study on the common pochard and the barn swallow
Petrželková, Adéla ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Musil, Petr (referee) ; Guillemain, Matthieu (referee)
Presented thesis is mainly concerned with the conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) in birds. CBP is an alternative reproductive strategy when a parasitic female lay egg or eggs to other (host) female's nest of the same species. Then the parasitic female leaves the host's nest and does not provide any energetic investment in a subsequent parental care. Distinguish parasitic eggs or young is problematic because there are no obvious morphological differences. Thus, the use of molecular method is crucial for proper determination of CBP. CBP can be used as 'a best-of-bad-job' when female does not have her own nest or lost her nest for example through predation. Other option is that female can increase her fecundity ('fecundity enhancement' hypothesis) when she lay parasitic egg/eggs and care about her own clutch afterward. Two different model species were studied. The first one was a precocial diving duck - the common pochard (Aythya ferina; Anseriformes; Anatidae). Protein fingerprinting was used for detection of CBP and for distinguishing between eggs of individual females. It was found that the rate of CBP was relatively high in this species (91%, 72%; Chapter 1, 4). Further results indicated that the host clutch size decreased with the number of parasitic eggs in the clutch. The study of individual...
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Effect of breeding fidelity on reproductive sukccess of diving ducks
Kejzlarová, Tereza ; Musil, Petr (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
Breeding site fidelity and its effect on reproductive success was investigated in two diving ducks species, i.e. Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) and Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) in the Trebon region and the surroundings using caught and individually marked females, searching for nests, and monitoring of marked individuals and its broods. In both studied species, the fidelity ratio (apparent survival, MARK software) was around 65 %. Evaluating the influencing factors, impact of previous reproductive success in the phase of rearing ducklings was found to be the only one statistically significant factor. Furthermore, we compared reproductive parameters (i.e clutch size, laying date, reproductive success) in the first and subsequent year of study. The statistically significant relationship was found between the timing of nesting in the first and in any subsequent year in the Tufted Duck . When comparing the reproductive success in relation to hatched or unhatched clutches and reared or not reared ducklings, we do not confirm any significant shift. Successful females were not able to improve or even repeat their reproductive success in the following years, which could result in subsequent lower degree of fidelity. Subsequently, there is a female dispersion and reduction of the reproductive success of...
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Incubation effort in Common Pochard and its determinants
Drekslerová, Šárka ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Musil, Petr (referee)
Incubation of avian eggs is an energy demanding process. Incubating parent faces a conflict between investment into optimal thermal conditions for developig embryos and meeting of own energy requirements. This applies especially in uniparental incubators such as ducks. During incubation, female utilizes energy from fat storage or actual food intake. The proportion of energy used from food than may reflect the time spent by female on the nest. The utilizing of these both sources ratio plays a role in time spent on nest. The aim of the thesis was to describe an incubation rhythm in females of Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) and relate them to climatic variables and changes in body mass. Data were collecetd for three years in the Poodříí Landscape Protected Area at free-living females. We placed a weighting mechanism under the nest with conected datalogger recording voltage variations, which offered me an information about female body mass and time and duration of recesses. Incubation rhytm of females was described by time spent on time ("incubation constancy"), recess frequency and recess duration. Females left the nest most grequently at night-time and during dawn and dusk. Probable explanation of this pattern is better food availability in the night-time and lower risk of nest predation by predators...
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Brood parasitism in Common Pochard - a proteomic analysis
Petrželková, Adéla ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Piálková, Radka (referee)
Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) is a situation, when female (a parasite) lays egg or eggs in a nest of other conspecific female (a host). Then she leaves the nest and doesn't provide any subsequent parental care, such incubation and care for young. To distinguish between parasitic and host egg or young could be difficult, because there are not obvious morphological differences. CBP was documented in more than 234 species and its frequency is different between species, but also between population of the same species. The main aim of my master thesis was to describe the degree of parasitism in two population of Common Pochard (Aythya ferina). The field work was carried out from 2004-2006 in Třeboň Biosphere Reserve and form 2008-2010 in Poodří Landscape Protected Area. We found that the degree of CBP is relatively high. In Třeboň was found 72 % (41) of parasitized nests and 32 % (165) of parasitic eggs and in Poodří 93 % (39) of parasitized nests and 37 % (153) of parasitic eggs. The mean number of eggs per clutch was around 9 and mean number of host eggs per clutch was 6 in Třeboň. The mean number of eggs per clutch in Poodří was about 10, and the mean number of host eggs was also about 6. The mean number of parasitic eggs per clutch was 3 resp. 4. It was also found, that parasitized nests are...
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