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The presence of the parietal foramen in the amniotes.
Hodboď, Lukáš ; Brejcha, Jindřich (advisor) ; Kocourek, Martin (referee)
Vertebrates may have a parietal foramen on the top of their heads that allows light into the cranial cavity. The parietal foramen is o昀琀en associated with the parietal eye, but it can also serve as a light passage to the pineal gland. The men琀椀oned organs can be photosensi琀椀ve and are also used as regulators of the internal clock or body temperature. In this work, the appearance of the parietal foramen and the epiphyseal complex of various groups of animals is presented, their func琀椀on is described, and a comment is included on what commonly arouses interest in the parietal eye. The presence of the parietal foramen in various groups of recent and fossil vertebrates is evaluated verbally, for the clade Amniota it is presented both verbally and in the form of a phylogene琀椀c tree. A number of species from these groups is men琀椀oned and the reasons why the parietal foramen may have disappeared in some groups of amniotes are suggested. These reasons can be di昀昀erent, for example nocturnality, endothermy or fossoriality. Key words: parietal foramen, parietal eye, pineal organ, parapineal organ, pineal gland, Amniota, Sauropsida
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