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Complex identification of N-methylation reaction products in the synthesis of selected pharmaceuticals
Malíková, Sára ; Klusoň, Petr (advisor) ; Cuřínová, Petra (referee)
This thesis studied the process of the N-alkylation reaction of an ergoline derivative in a flow-through microreactor using phase transfer catalysis, which provides a faster exchange of substances at the phase interface and thus accelerates the reaction. Specifically, this reaction involved the N-methylation of LUME (10--methoxy-dihydrolysergic acid methyl ester) to the product MeLUME (1-methyl 10--methoxydihydrolysergic acid methyl ester). Dimethyl sulfate served as the alkylating agent and tetraethylammonium hydroxide as the phase transfer catalyst. Several side products are formed during this reaction. These are mainly LUME acid, which is formed by hydrolysis of the starting substance LUME, as well as the quaternary ammonium salt of the starting substance and the quaternary ammonium salt of the reaction product (MeLUME), which is formed by quaternization of the ergoline skeleton nitrogen due to used excess of the alkylating agent. The aim of this work was to develop an analytical method for the quantitative determination of the starting substance LUME and the products of the investigated N-alkylation reaction, including the most important side products. For this purpose, it was necessary to selectively prepare the above-mentioned side products and, on this basis, to determine their reaction...
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Microfluidic reactors for chemical synthesis
Jaklová, Natalie ; Klusoň, Petr (advisor) ; Cvak, Ladislav (referee)
The main topic of the Diploma Thesis is the conversion of the batch N-alkylation reaction into a continuous regime. It is the reaction of 10α-methoxydihydrolysergic acid methyl ester to 1-methyl-10α-methoxydihydrolysergic acid methyl ester. It represents one step in the industrial synthesis of Nicergoline, a pharmaceutical used for senile dementia treatment. This methylation reaction is performed in two immiscible liquid phases. Phase-transfer catalysis is used to increase the efficiency of the reaction, which allows the reaction to proceed in the entire volume of the organic solvent, not only at the phase interface. The reaction is rapid, with an exothermic character. The advantages of continuous arrangement are better control of the reaction, increased operational safety due to handling smaller volumes of reaction components, and more intensive removal of heat of the reaction. The Thesis deals with the influence of reaction conditions on the course of the reaction in a microfluidic reactor. The glass microchip reactor was chosen to perform the reaction in a flow arrangement. This reactor could produce up to grams of the product per hour. Several series of experiments were performed on this apparatus. The conversion of the starting material, and selectivities to the product and the side products...
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The preparation and study of catalytic system Cu(O)-CeO2 using surface analytical methods
Šmíd, Břetislav
Title: The preparation and study of catalytic system Cu(O)-CeO2 using surface analytical methods Author: Břetislav Šmíd Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Doc. Mgr. Iva Matolínová, Dr. Abstract: This work is concerned with a study of copper/copper oxide - cerium dioxide systems and their interaction with CO and H2O molecules. Investigated samples were prepared in the form of powder catalysts and also as very well defined model inverse systems. The low temperature CO oxidation powder catalysts were studied by means of XPS, XRD, SEM, TEM and in micro-reactor system allowing the CO oxidation examination. The study of H2O adsorption and co-adsorption of H2O with CO were carried out on model inverse systems CeOx(111)/Cu(111) in ultra-high vacuum conditions using X-ray, synchrotron radiation (SRPES), resonant (RPES) photoelectron spectroscopies and LEED. It was observed on the stoichiometric surface water adsorbs molecularly at 120 K while on the reduced surface and surface of CeO2 islands on Cu(111) the H2O adsorption is partially dissociative with formation of OH groups. The increase of Ce3+ species (i.e. surface reduction) observed after H2O adsorption was explained as an electronic effect of the Ce 4f charge accumulation and Ce 5d charge depletion....
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The preparation and study of catalytic system Cu(O)-CeO2 using surface analytical methods
Šmíd, Břetislav ; Matolínová, Iva (advisor) ; Plšek, Jan (referee) ; Sofer, Zdeněk (referee)
Title: The preparation and study of catalytic system Cu(O)-CeO2 using surface analytical methods Author: Břetislav Šmíd Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Doc. Mgr. Iva Matolínová, Dr. Abstract: This work is concerned with a study of copper/copper oxide - cerium dioxide systems and their interaction with CO and H2O molecules. Investigated samples were prepared in the form of powder catalysts and also as very well defined model inverse systems. The low temperature CO oxidation powder catalysts were studied by means of XPS, XRD, SEM, TEM and in micro-reactor system allowing the CO oxidation examination. The study of H2O adsorption and co-adsorption of H2O with CO were carried out on model inverse systems CeOx(111)/Cu(111) in ultra-high vacuum conditions using X-ray, synchrotron radiation (SRPES), resonant (RPES) photoelectron spectroscopies and LEED. It was observed on the stoichiometric surface water adsorbs molecularly at 120 K while on the reduced surface and surface of CeO2 islands on Cu(111) the H2O adsorption is partially dissociative with formation of OH groups. The increase of Ce3+ species (i.e. surface reduction) observed after H2O adsorption was explained as an electronic effect of the Ce 4f charge accumulation and Ce 5d charge depletion....
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The preparation and study of catalytic system Cu(O)-CeO2 using surface analytical methods
Šmíd, Břetislav
Title: The preparation and study of catalytic system Cu(O)-CeO2 using surface analytical methods Author: Břetislav Šmíd Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Doc. Mgr. Iva Matolínová, Dr. Abstract: This work is concerned with a study of copper/copper oxide - cerium dioxide systems and their interaction with CO and H2O molecules. Investigated samples were prepared in the form of powder catalysts and also as very well defined model inverse systems. The low temperature CO oxidation powder catalysts were studied by means of XPS, XRD, SEM, TEM and in micro-reactor system allowing the CO oxidation examination. The study of H2O adsorption and co-adsorption of H2O with CO were carried out on model inverse systems CeOx(111)/Cu(111) in ultra-high vacuum conditions using X-ray, synchrotron radiation (SRPES), resonant (RPES) photoelectron spectroscopies and LEED. It was observed on the stoichiometric surface water adsorbs molecularly at 120 K while on the reduced surface and surface of CeO2 islands on Cu(111) the H2O adsorption is partially dissociative with formation of OH groups. The increase of Ce3+ species (i.e. surface reduction) observed after H2O adsorption was explained as an electronic effect of the Ce 4f charge accumulation and Ce 5d charge depletion....
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