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Radiotherapy bone metastases
ŠIMKOVÁ, Kristina
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of diagnosis and treatment of bone metastases. Radiotherapy is a key element in the therapy of bone metastases, serving to relieve pain and improve the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. The theoretical part reviews the available literature on the structure of bone, description of the diagnosis of bone metastases, and their subsequent treatment. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to answer research questions. The practical part focused on quantitative research. For the purposes of the research, research questions were first established, followed by data collection necessary to answer them at the radiotherapy department of the hospital in České Budějovice for the years 2021, 2022, and 2023. Hospital information system NIS was used to obtain patient information and the nature of their illness, and also the Aria planning system to verify information on irradiation techniques and applied doses. The research study included 224 patients. The collected data were then visualized using tables and graphs to facilitate comparison. From the results of the practical part, it was apparent that bone metastases of patients treated with radiotherapy at the hospital in České Budějovice most commonly affected the spine, pelvis, and long bones. The age range was diverse, but the issue of bone metastases mostly concerned patients in the age range of 60-80 years. The applied hypofractionation regimen was chosen considering the location of the metastasis and the patient's current condition. The resulting data and their analysis can serve as feedback to the staff of the respective radiotherapy department. The theoretical processing of the thesis can be used as a framework educational material for students of the field of radiological assistance at ZSF.
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Radiotherapy planning
Požár, Pavel ; Sekora, Jiří (referee) ; Kolářová, Jana (advisor)
This thesis deals with analysis of characteristics of ionising radiation. The equipments used for irradiation of pathologic findings are described. The thesis contains particular stages of planning algorithm with list of individual actions. Practical part contains a description of application made for irradiation simulation which includes brief explanation of working procedure with program. It also contains a description of individual functions of this application.
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Design of Accelerator for Oncological Therapy
Zbořil, Jan ; Siebert, Petr (referee) ; John, David (advisor)
The aim of this diploma thesis is the design of linear accelerator for oncology treatment. The design focuses on the improvement of the aesthethical side of the accelator, but also comes up with inventional solutions how to improve the radiation treatment of oncology patients to higher the chances of successful treatment of cancer.
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Modern radiotherapeutic treatment of lung tumors
ŽÁKOVÁ, Klára
In its theoretical part, the bachelor's thesis describes the anatomy of the respiratory system, the types of lung cancers, their symptoms, risk factors and possible treatment. It mainly focuses on lung radiotherapy itself and lung irradiation techniques with regard to the current technical possibilities of radiotherapy. The practical part is represented by the analysis of data from a questionnaire survey examining, in particular, the frequency of the presence of risk factors in patients with lung cancer treated at the RTO of the České Budějovice Hospital. The research part was treatment by questionnaire, the group of patients consisted of a total of 60 respondents. The obtained data were subsequently evaluated with MS Excel tools. In addition to the presence of smoking as the main risk factor, attention was also paid to other risk factors, e.g. occupational stress, general lifestyle or long-term residence in areas with increased radon content in the subsoil. The results confirmed that long-term tobacco smoking remains the most represented risk factor. The processing of answers from the questionnaire also ensures the assumption that a non-negligible risk is also a long-term stay in areas with an increased radon index. The bachelor's thesis can serve as a comprehensive study material for future radiology assistants as an overview of modern lung cancer radiation treatment. But it can also be used in professional articles in magazines, or be a source of information for those interested in this topic.
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Current trends in radiotherapy of brain tumors
BĚHAN, Daniel
The bachelor thesis deals with modern radiotherapeutic treatment of brain tumors. The theoretical part is devoted to the classification of these types of tumors, the effects of radiation on the cell, the side effects of radiotherapy, fractionation schemes, treatment planning and the combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy. The main goal of the bachelor's thesis was to compare the number of patients at three selected workplaces, namely gammaknife, tomotherapy and linear accelerator. Out of the total number of 3500 patients irradiated on gammaknife during the years 2019-2021, 3024 patients underwent treatment of primary and secondary tumors, the rest of the irradiated patients represent non-tumor irradiation of vascular, functional and ocular disorders, thus 14% of the total number of treated patients. The analysis of the collected data showed an increase in the number of treated patients in 2020. The cause of this could theoretically be installation of a new type of Gamma Knife Icon, which took place in November 2019. After calculating the correlation analysis, it was found that the numbers of patients do not correlate with the installation of a new device. Data obtained from patients irradiated on tomotherapy pointed to the fact that the tomotherapeutic device is used in the treatment of brain tumors only in a small percentage (4 % of treated patients) and it is used more for the treatment of other malignancies. The number of patients with brain cancer irradiated on a linear accelerator was about 7 % of all patients. The most common cause of brain lesions was distant metastases of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, which is confirmed by information obtained from the literature, which states that lung cancer is the most common metastatic tumor to the brain. Glioblastoma multiforme was the most common group of primary tumors. The last goal for the elaboration of the bachelor's thesis was a more detailed description of the construction of the irradiation pavilion and the installation of the newly purchased and currently the most modern radiotherapy device CyberKnife at the ÚVN in Prague.
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Design of Accelerator for Oncological Therapy
Zbořil, Jan ; Siebert, Petr (referee) ; John, David (advisor)
The aim of this diploma thesis is the design of linear accelerator for oncology treatment. The design focuses on the improvement of the aesthethical side of the accelator, but also comes up with inventional solutions how to improve the radiation treatment of oncology patients to higher the chances of successful treatment of cancer.
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The physic principles of relativistic linear accelerator for radiological assistent
VODVÁŘKA, Marek
As the selected theory of transfer of knowledge from the scientific radiological physics (in the sphere of physical bases of relativistic linear accelerator) to students of radiological branches the theory of curricular process was used. This theory was formulated in the world by M. Pasche, T. G. Gardner, M. Certon, M. Gayl, in the Czech and Slovak Republics by J. Průcha, J. Brockmeyerová, P.Tarábek, P. Záškodný. On the base of the curriculum process theory, in the sphere of radiological physics curriculum process can be defined as a sequence of transformations T1-T5 variant forms of curriculum: "Conceptual curriculum" as a communicable scientific system of radiological physics (first variant form of curriculum as transformation T1 output from a scientific system to a communicable scientific system). "Intended curriculum" as an educational system of radiological physics (second variant form of curriculum as transformation T2 output from a communicable scientific system to an educational system). "Project curriculum" as an instructional project of radiological physics (third variant form of curriculum as transformation T3 output from an educational system to a teaching project). "Implemented curriculum-1" as the preparedness of educator to education inradiological physics (fourth variant form of curriculum as the first transformation T4 output from an educational project to implementation of teaching). "Implemented curriculum-2" as the results of education in radiological physics (fifth variant form of curriculum as the second transformation T4 output from aneducational project to implementation of teaching). "Attained curriculum" as applicable results of education in radiological physics (sixth variant form of curriculum transformation T5 output from implementation of teaching to application of the results of teaching). In this thesis, in the sphere of physical bases of relativistic linear accelerator the transformation between the intended curriculum, project curriculum, implemented curriculum-1 and implemented curriculum-2 were used. These transformations were carried out by binds between educating text, experimental teaching, preparation for experimental teaching and placing of educational test to students of radiological branches to find out the results of experimental teaching in the sphere of physical bases of relativistic linear accelerator. In order to prove the hypotheses of the bachelor thesis, methods of mathematical statistics apart from methods of descriptive statistics were used: Nonparametric tests and two sample t-test. Nonparametric test was used to test the normality of knowledge acquired by experimental teaching. Two-sample t-test was used to compare the knowledge from the sphere of physical bases of relativistic linear accelerator in students of full-time and part-time study programme. The bachelor thesis was based on the verification of two hypotheses: a) an adequate educational text in the sphere of physical bases of relativistic linear accelerator can be created by application of curriculum process b) students´ knowledge in the sphere of physical bases of relativistic linear accelerator acquired on the base of worked out educational text will have normal distribution. Both of these hypotheses were confirmed by statistical processing of the results which were obtained by experimental teaching and by placing of educational test to students. Partial hypothesis was also confirmed that knowledge between full-time students and part-time students will not be statistically different on the level of statistical significance 0.05.
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Linear Accelerator Input Beam Data Collection for DIAMOND Calculation Systém Setup
KRÁKORA, Martin
The first chapter of the theoretical part of my bachelor's thesis is focused on the theme of radiotherapy in general as well as to its history. Radiotherapy is a young medical field which treats both malignant and non-malignant diseases by ionizing radiation. The roots of this discipline go back to the beginning of the 20th century, when German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovered X-rays. These rays started to be used in the treatment of tumorous diseases; the first case of tumour elimination by these rays was described in 1896. The second theoretical chapter outlines the types of radiotherapy and their clinical applications. The first type of radiotherapy is curative (radical), which is the primary choice for treatment of tumours, with the aim to eradicate the tumour completely and cure the patient. Another type of radiotherapy is adjuvant. This is a "securing" method, indicated in case of assumption that there are still microscopic tumour remains in the patient's body. There is also neoadjuvant radiotherapy, so-called preoperative. It is applied before the medical procedure when it is necessary to reduce the size of the tumour. Another clinically applied type is radiotherapy with palliative intent. This treatment is indicated to patients whose disease is incurable and serve to remove or alleviate the symptoms. The last type is non-tumorous radiotherapy. This method of treatment is used for non-tumorous diseases and it is always the method of the last resort. The following chapter discusses the theme of radiotherapeutic irradiator. These devices include simulator which simulates the irradiation plan and is very important for planning and control in radiotherapy. Linear accelerators are the most often tools used for irradiation. These accelerators use high-frequency beam of photons or electrons for irradiation. Other devices used in radiotherapy include cobalt and cesium irradiators. The fourth chapter deals with planning in radiotherapy. Irradiation plan, which must be approved by a doctor, is put together in the process of planning. This plan is approved in case when the created combination of irradiation fields achieves the most accurate covering of the target volume by a required dose, and at the same time healthy tissues and organs are spared as much as possible. This chapter also mentions the theme of phantoms that are very important for planning in radiotherapy. Phantoms were also used during the measurement within the practical part of the thesis. The fifth chapter is devoted to irradiation techniques used in radiotherapy. All basic techniques used for irradiation are described here one-field irradiation technique, which is the simplest one, two-field irradiation, i.e. contralateral, convergent or tangential techniques. Also three-field irradiation technique the T and Y techniques, as well as the four-field technique BOX and Crossfire techniques. The most complex techniques include five and more fields where three-dimensional conformational radiotherapy is used. The last chapter describes individual planning systems used at the Department of Oncology of České Budějovice Hospital, with which the objectives of the practical part of the bachelor's thesis were achieved. These planning systems include Mephysto mc2, Diamond and Eclipse programs. Independent measurements were carried out within the practical part of the bachelor's thesis, on the basis of which the following hypothesis was confirmed: "A procedure implemented in compliance with methodology No. 4 can shorten the time of measuring of parameters of ionizing radiation beams from linear accelerator to be entered into the DIAMOND computing system." The aim of the thesis was to get data files for entering the source of ionizing radiation (linear accelerator) into the DIAMOND computing system. This objective was achieved and the respective data files are presented in the chapter of Results (the whole version is attached to this thesis on a CD).
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Activation of collimating system of linear accelerator through photon radiation and its impact on the doses received by the staff.
KUBÍKOVÁ, Adéla
The diploma thesis on the topic "Activation of Collimating System of Linear Accelerator through Photon Radiation and its Impact on the Doses Received by the Staff" is divided into two parts, a theoretical and a practical part. The introductory theoretical part is devoted to the basic information about ionizing radiation. What are the types of ionizing radiation, its characteristics, properties and sources of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, there are mentioned direct and indirect interactions of ionizing radiation, a brief description of charged particle accelerators, collimator systems and radioisotope irradiation devices. Another part deals with radiation protection, basic legislation, methods and principles of radiation protection, personal dosimetry and medical supervision of radiation workers. Literary sources, available internet links and valid legal regulations were used for the work. In the practical part, a number of measurements were carried out to measure and to analyse the doses of secondary radiation of the linear accelerator collimator system for different photon beam energies, depending on time, distance from source, position of radiologic assistant around the table when working with the patient, as well as sizes of irradiated field. The aim of the work was to find out how large the doses of secondary radiation are, although measurable, but their values are not sufficient to be detected by personal dosimeters of radiological assistants. Confirm the hypothesis that the doses from the secondary radiation of the linear accelerator collimator system are so low that the dose power does not exceed 0.031 mGy/hr. The results obtained from various measurements are processed into transparent tables and graphically displayed. Based on the results of the measurements, the hypotheses were confirmed.
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Radiotherapy planning
Požár, Pavel ; Sekora, Jiří (referee) ; Kolářová, Jana (advisor)
This thesis deals with analysis of characteristics of ionising radiation. The equipments used for irradiation of pathologic findings are described. The thesis contains particular stages of planning algorithm with list of individual actions. Practical part contains a description of application made for irradiation simulation which includes brief explanation of working procedure with program. It also contains a description of individual functions of this application.
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