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Comparison of level total cholesterol in serum for residents from Pilsen and Czech Budweis provided similar eating habits
FRAITOVÁ, Lucie
Measuring cholesterol is considered as a screening test used primarily to determine cardiovascular risk and monitoring lipid-lowering therapy. Since this is a screening examination, there is a need for further laboratory tests - the lipid profile (HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides). Patients who get examined as a part of lipid-lowering therapy should follow a diet. These patiens need to be examined more frequently. Population of Czech Republic is considered at risk of early occurrence of atherosclerosis and its complications. Every year in the Czech Republic nearly 60 000 people die from cardiac and vascular disease. Cardiovascular disease increasingly affects younger age group. They are also a cause of disability of people of working age. One of the main indicators is high level of cholesterol. Accurate and precise measurement of blood cholesterol plays a role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality of people with cardio vascular disease. The aim of this thesis is to: 1) Measure the total cholesterol sample population of Plzeň and České Budějovice 2) Compare and find differences in serum total cholesterol in both locations In the theoretical part of the thesis I was interested in what foods increase cholesterol and what foods can reduce high cholesterol. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes diseases that may occur during hypercholesterolemia. The basic ones include atherosclerosis and its complications, which include heart disease or stroke. Preanalytical factor that may significantly affect laboratory tests are described in this part too. The practical part describes everything from an intake of biological material in the laboratory through the preparation (centrifugation, creating aliquots) to insertion of a secondary sample into the analytical device. Research for the thesis was conducted in the biochemical laboratory of synlab czech s.r.o. in České Budějovice. In this part I investigate ? under supervision ? a total of 100 samples of venous blood from people of Plzeň and České Budějovice. I determined the total cholesterol in serum. Cobas Integra 800 automatic biochemical analyzer was used for the examination of the biological material. In routine practice enzymatic methods are used to determine levels of cholesterol. Cholesterol esters are converted by cholesterol esterase into free cholesterol and fatty acids. Free cholesterol is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to form cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide. The resultant hydrogen peroxide reacts with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol to form a red color and water. The color intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of cholesterol and is measured by absorption spectrophotometry at 512 nm.Measured laboratory results were statistically processed and neatly sorted into tables and graphs using the computer program. Data from Plzeň and České Budějovice were sorted according to gender and evaluated using graphs. The data sets were then compared to each other and the difference in cholesterol levels was registered. All the results are in the table and graphs. Hypercholesterolemia was detected in 29 samples from Plzeň and 27 from České Budějovice.
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Vital capacity of lungs after operation hearts IKEM Prague
CHVOJKOVÁ, Lenka
Cardiovascular diseases in the Czech Republic represent the main cause of death and significantly contribute to the sickness rate and premature disability. Possibilities of treatment of cardiovascular diseases keep developing increasingly these days. An important part is the follow up spa treatment as well as sufficiently performed effective cardio rehabilitation. The theoretical part characterizes functional examination of the lungs and stress tests in cardiology. Simultaneously it describes early spa treatment and defines quality of life. The aim of the diploma thesis, which deals with the vital capacity of the lungs, was to prove positive effect of early spa treatment on the vital capacity of the lungs and on improvement of quality of life, specifically with respect to positive perception of one´s overall physical health. Hypotheses - H1: An early spa therapy positively affects spirometry values. H2: Patients with an early spa therapy better perceive their overall physical health. A form of quantitative research was chosen, in order to verify the determined aims and hypotheses of the diploma thesis. A standardized international Short Form SF - 36 questionnaires on quality of life was used for the data collection. Spirometry was utilized for ascertaining objective functional parameters. Values of spirometry examination were used for comparison. 32 patients after cardiovascular surgery were included in the research, who were transferred to Lázně Poděbrady on the 6th - 8th day after the surgery, 22 of them being men (69%) and 10 women (31 %). The average age of patients under research was 66,06 + 11,48 years. The check group consisted of 10 healthy volunteers. 8 women (80 %) and 2 men (20 %) at the average age of 37,1 + 13,3 years were included in the research. It follows from the spirometry results measured before the heart surgery at IKEM cardio center that a difference in results between the second and third spirometry occurred. The second and third spirometrical examination is the period of time, when the respondent undergoes the early spa treatment. After the heart surgery spirometry values worsen and improve in the course of the spa therapy. The research showed that the perception of overall physical health after the heart surgery is subject to perception of pain, which negatively affected sense of overall perception of physical health. H1 was confirmed and H2 was not confirmed. In order to improve current situation, it would be suitable to devote not only to cardio rehabilitation but also to improvement of perception of pain, e.g. by means of psychotherapy (art therapy, music therapy?). It is also important to widen a possibility of outpatient cardio rehabilitation in each cardio center for patients after heart surgery.
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Analysis of effectiveness of preventive interventions in patients with ischemic heart disease
ZLATINSKÁ, Sandra
Preventive interventions represent an important part of treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Proper observation of preventive interventions results in faster recovery, earlier resumption of normal lifestyle and particularly prevention of early or late complications. The objective of this bachelor thesis was to determine how effective are the preventive interventions provided by healthcare personnel in the secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. To meet the objective, the following four research questions were formulated: 1. Is the secondary prevention in patients with IHD effective? The secondary prevention is not effective as the respondents failed to change their lifestyles and they continued to manifest high rates of behavioral risk factors for IHD. 2. Do the patients with IHD observe recommendations given within the preventive interventions? Results of the research survey indicate that the respondents are aware of the IHD risk factors, however, they observe only certain secondary prevention recommendations. 3. What prevents the patients from observing regimen principles set by the secondary prevention? The patients find it difficult to change their established lifestyles which need to be altered in order to observe the principles. Results of the research survey indicate that the respondents find it particularly difficult to change their eating habits and sedentary lifestyle. 4. Is the observation of preventive measures dependent on the period of time after the disease attack? Interviews conducted with 10 respondents treated for different periods of time after the disease attack failed to confirm this hypothesis. Results of the research survey indicate that differences in observation of preventive interventions among the respondents were negligible. 10 respondents with ischemic heart disease were selected as a research sample. The data were collected by means of a qualitative research using two structured interviews with open questions. The first round of interviews with IHD patients was conducted in January 2009 at the cardiology department of the hospital in České Budějovice. The second round of interviews was conducted after the hospitalization treatment stage {--} three month after the patients were discharged from the hospital. This thesis may enhance the knowledge of healthcare workers in secondary prevention of IHD and become a basis for further investigations in this field.
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Use of Nurses' Competencies in Preventive Care of a Patient with Ischemic Heart Disease
MATSCHEOVÁ, Linda
Ischemic heart disease belongs to the most frequent diseases in developed countries. I have chosen this topic not only because I am interested in this issue but also because I work at emergency ward of internal medicine and majority of patients there suffer from this disease. There are two parts in my thesis {--} the theoretical and the research part. The theoretical part deals with heart anatomy and physiology, with epidemiology and aetiology, with risk factors, with classification, clinical picture, diagnostics, with treatment and prevention of ischemic heart disease. Further, the thesis survey educational process, roles, mission, function and competences of a nurse. The first objective of the thesis was to find out the awareness of nurses´ competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The second objective was to find out, whether nurses are able to apply their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The third objective was to find out involvement of management (head nurses, departmental nurses, shift nurses) in the secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The fourth objective of the thesis was to find out whether nurses use their knowledge of secondary prevention in patients with ischemic heart disease. Four hypotheses were set for the above mentioned objectives. H1: Nurses are aware of their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. H2: Nurses are able to apply their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. H3: Shift nurses, motivated by head nurses, are more involved in the secondary prevention in patients with IHD. H4: Nurses use their knowledge in the area of secondary prevention in patients with IHD. A questionnaire was made up to achieve the objectives and to prove or to disprove the hypotheses of this research. The questionnaire contained 24 questions {--} closed and semi-closed. The research sample was formed from nurses from South Bohemian and central-Bohemian regions. 377 questionnaires were handed out. 242 questionnaires returned and 230 of them were applicable to the research. The first, second and fourth hypotheses were proved. Shift nurses are more involved in secondary prevention in patients with IHD, however, not on the basis of motivation by head nurses, thus, the fourth hypothesis was not proved. I also revealed that nurses do not have sufficient knowledge in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. On the grounds of these results we created mental maps on ischemic heart disease and its prevention. These maps might enhance nurses´ knowledge and improve the life of patients with ischemic heart disease.
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