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Vliv výživy na metabolické poruchy u vysokoužitkových dojnic
Neradová, Izabela Helena
This bachelor´s thesis deals with the issue of the most common metabolic diseases that occur in high yield dairy cows in connection with the incorrect composition of feed rations. Is focuses on ketosis, acidosis and alkalosis of the gastric content, milk fever, but also other, less important disorders that are also closely related to a quality diet. It describes their etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and possibilities of diagnosis and therapy. Part of the work are preventive measures that must be followed to re-duce the incidence of diseases in herds. Furthermore, this work deals with the division of basic feeds into bulk and grain. It contains their characteristics pointing out the main risks associated with the occurrence of metabolic disorders. The following part focuses on the different principles of nutrition in the transition period. It also de-scribes the possibilities of feeding techniques. In the final part of the work the author presents her conclusions and recommendations.
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Postpartum Eclampsia in Dogs
Tůmová, Nikola ; Krejčířová, Romana (advisor) ; Štolcová, Magdaléna (referee)
Eclampsia is an urgent illness, which threatens lactating female dogs in postpartum period. This illness is also called hypocalcemia, lactation tetany, puerperal tetany or milk fever.
Based on the metabolic changes the main cause of eclampsia is a decrease of calcium in blood and its transition into milk. Balance between the intake and output of calcium from the extracellular fluid due to calcium loss in milk production appears like an important factor in the development of eclampsia.
There are many causes which lead to the disease. The disease is caused by hypocalcemia, decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone), as well as high milk production, poor nutrition and diseases of the parathyroid glands. Reduction of PTH secretion occurs due to abnormal development of parathyroid glands, when they are damaged or after their surgical removal.
The system of kidney is activated during hypocalcemia - vitamin D, which has the task of ensuring increased calcium absorption in the intestine or the system of parathyroid glands - parathyroid hormone, which is responsible for the release of calcium from the bones. If it was the opposite case, when there is an excess of calcium, calcitonin secretion from the parathyroid gland is activated. Calcitonin secretion from the parathyroid glands is responsible for calcium deposition in bones.
Today, deficiency of vitamin D is the main center of interest because eclampsia in female dogs is considered as a negative prognostic indicator and one of the causes in development of hypocalcemia is just hypovitaminosis D.
The symptoms of eclampsia occur in female dogs, especially during the first 4 weeks after birth in the period of maximum lactation. From a metabolic perspective puerperium (the period after birth) in female dogs represents an enormous ballast associated with caring of growing puppies and their nutrition. The outbreak of eclampsia indicates total exhaustion, restlessness, rubbing head on the ground or forelimb of the nose, nervousness, anxiety, loss of interest in puppies and difficulty in movement. Walking seems to be coordinated but gradually becomes stiff. In more serious cases thirst starts, excessive drooling, rapid breathing, muscle twitching and spasms. The time from the first symptoms to develop of overall clinical presentation represents 15 minutes to 12 hours. In normal conditions, this state is diagnosed thorough clinical examinations, history correlated with clinical symptoms, response to therapy and the condition accepted laboratory results. The basic step for treating eclampsia is an intravenous aplication of calcium. Generally, 5 - 10 ml of 10% calcium gluconate provides a sufficient dose of calcium for female dogs weighing up to 10 kg of body weight. Late initiation of treatment can lead to fatal consequences. Prevention has not been exactly known yet. Small litters of puppies and early weaning has a positive effect. Excessive preventive use of vitamin supplements and mineral supplements is not recommended. Easy and convenient solution is feeding rations in the form of complete feed for pregnant and lactating bitches.
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Poruchy kalciového metabolizmu u masného a dojeného skotu
NOVÁ, Hana
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the disorders of calcium metabolism occuring in breeding of milk cattle and beef cattle. The disorders are not only serious health problem but also economic problem, the disorders can be prevented by balance of ration of fodder respecting physiological needs of high-productive animals. The research took place in 2013-2015 in 3 breeding of dairy cows (Haklovy Dvory, Velký Bor, Hořepík) and in one breeding of cattle for meat raised on pasture (Čejkovice). Overall, it was examined 179 pieces of cattle. The content of Ca was determined from blood serum and urine, the additional parameter was portion of P, Mg and ALP in blood plasma. Only in breeding of cattle in Hořepík was the content of Ca in normal rate, despite the high consumption of beef cattle in other places was detected the subclinical hypocalcemia. In the period of mating, the older beef cattle raised on pastures suffered from fractures of femur as a consequence of hypocalcemia and the weight of bulls. The factors influencing the presence of hypocalcemia includes the standard of zootechnical and veterinary care and also the real intake of Ca respecting the productive and reproductive level of cattle. The reduced intake of Ca of beef cattle raised on pastures is influenced by the runoff of calcium fertilizers during periodically recurring floods. It is highly recommended to regularly analyze fodder and the content of Ca in body fluids as a preventive measures.
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