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Salt intake in the diet of older schoolchildern
HEMBEROVÁ, Aneta
Many studies prove that developed countries have an over-exaggerated intake of salt. The World Health Organization recommends an intake of 5g per person per day. Daily doses are, however, exceeded multiple times. It has been proven that an excessive intake of salt has a negative impact on our organism. It is a risk factor for the occurrence of hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis. The objective of my thesis has been to find out what amount of salt the food of older schoolchildren contains. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part deals with the issue of salt, it describes its history, kinds, meaning and use, the occurrence of salt in different foods and compensation options in diet. Futher, it focuses on the physiology of sodium, potassium and chlorine and the illnesses caused by an excessive intake of salt - specifically hypertension, obesity and osteoporosis. The conlcusion of the theoretical part is devoted to carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the diet of older schoolchildren. The practical part evaluated the weekly diet plans and urine analyses from the 12 respondents of older school age. The content of salt in their diet was being analysed via the Nutriservis programme. Urine analyses were being done in clinical laboratories. The acquired information on body height, weight and blood pressure was assessed using percentile graphs. The results confirm the fact that children of an older school age consume a higher than recommended amount of salt. In ten out of twelve respondents a higher than average daily amount of 5 g salt was discovered. This was confirmed by the value of sodium waste levels in their urine. The link between a higher salt intake and obesity or hypertension was not proven. There were no significant differences between girls and boys.
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Salt intake in children of adult age
PEJCHAL, Petr
My thesis deals with salt intake in adolescent children. The aim of the thesis was to find out the amount of salt in the diet of adolescents and their awareness of this issue. The bachelor thesis is divided into two parts - a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical part deals with basic information about table salt and its origin. It is aimed to the physiology and function of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the human body. It also deals with recommendations on salt intake and its content and role in various foods. It addresses not only diseases associated with this topic and their correlation with the amount of salt ingested, but also dietary principles appropriate for this age group. The subject of the practical part was to find out the amount of salt in the diet of fifteen respondents in the age range of 15-18 years by means of qualitative research. This group of adolescents provided me with a complete menu consisting of two weekdays and one weekend diet. The Nutriservis program was mainly used for the calculation of the daily salt intake. For foods where the amount of salt was not stated in the database, I obtained the value by multiplying the sodium content by a factor of 2.5. I inserted food that the database did not contain by using the nutrition information on the food packaging. With the consent of the respondents and their parents, the calculation was based on the collection of urine for 24 hours, followed by the evaluation of sodium and sodium chloride waste as well as the blood pressure measurement, which was converted into percentile values. Furthermore, a short questionnaire focused on the awareness of adolescents in this issue and the calculation of BMI for individual respondents was used. The research results showed that all 15 adolescents exceeded the recommended amount of salt. I was not prove the connection between sodium waste in the urine and its intake according to the diet. Respondents' awareness of the issue of salt intake and its effect on the body was not extensive. All respondents routinely exceeded the recommended daily salt intake, but only 4 knew this value. Increasing adolescents' awareness of this topic could lead to a reduction in the salt content of their diets.
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Obesity and sleep apnea syndrome
Havrdová, Kateřina ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Svačina, Štěpán (referee)
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated, complete or partial, obstructions of upper respiratory tract while asleep with accompanied apneic pauses. Interruption of ventilation and the subsequent waking reactions cause fragmented and low-quality sleep in the long term and the simultaneous decline in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin causes development of intermittent hypoxia, which leads to serious complications in patients with sleep apnea. One of the most important etiopathogenic factors in development of obstructive sleep apnea is obesity, mainly central and android obesity. It is estimated that obese patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 suffer from OSA in over 40-60 % cases and 70 % of patients with OSA are obese. According to current findings, both the maladies influence each other and form a positive feedback loop, which further complicates the whole situation. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to describe the relationship between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea on a set of patients, who were hospitalized in department D3 of III. Internal clinic of Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze (General university hospital in Prague) for suspicions for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. The main tasks of the practical part of this thesis were to try to find a correlation...
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Salt intake by patients with primary hyperaldosteronism
Sahatciu, Mrika ; Petrák, Ondřej (advisor) ; Krátká, Zuzana (referee)
1 Abstract My bachelor's thesis focuses on the intake of table salt and other dietary approaches and habits in patients with primary aldosteronism, an extreme form of salt-sensitive hypertension. The theoretical part deals with the definition of the term and risk factors associated with primary aldosteronism, summarizes the diagnosis and treatment procedures especially dietary measures which are very important in the treatment. The practical part was based and developed using an anonymous questionnaire form. The questionnaire consisted of 66 questions ranging from sociodemographic to awareness, education, dietary habits and dietary preferences in relation to salt intake. The purpose of this study was thereby to determine the dietary habits and sodium chloride intake of patients with primary aldosteronism. The total number of patients who were approached was 15, mostly males which were 11 and females were 4. The diet was fairly regular, but with more than half prioritizing lunch and dinner rather than breakfast. When they had a higher intake of cold cuts, salty bars, chips compared to fruit and vegetables. Most of the patients were educated about salt restriction diet and diet in hypertension due to the characteristics of the cohort, but few of them actually follow it. And there were no efforts to limit salt...
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The enzymes of catecholamine metabolism in experimental hypertension.
Loučková, Anna ; Kuneš, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Klevstigová, Martina (referee)
Catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are significantly involved in regulation of blood pressure. The most important enzymes participating in their metabolism are tyrosin hydroxylase, DOPA dekarboxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This thesis summarizes current knowledge about these enzymes, focusing on their role in the development of essential hypertension. Experimental models are often used in the study of hypertension because of their practical and ethic reasons. Most findings were obtained in spontaneously hypertensive rats, due to their similarity to human essential hypertension. Metabolism of catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rat differs in many aspects from that of normotensive controls. The primary cause of this type of hypertension has not yet been distinguished from compensatory responses. However, prevention or slow-down the disease-development process can be achieved by various interventions. This information may help to identify new treatments for human hypertension.
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Systemic arterial hypertension and strain
Sakaláš, Radovan ; Radvanský, Jiří (advisor) ; Procházka, Miroslav (referee)
Bachelor thesis "Systemic arterial hypertension and exercise" deals with hypertension and exercise. Physiology of the circulatory system, as well as blood pressure regulation and measurement is covered in the first section. The next section discusses definition, classification, and subtype classification. Furthermore, the thesis discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension. The main part of the thesis covers exercise blood pressure reaction as a diagnostic tool for determining risk for future hypertension. Moreover, exercise and physical activity is described as a therapeutic tool in blood pressure reduction. This section compares and determines the intensity, frequency, and period of endurance and resistance training needed for an optimal blood pressure reduction. The final section is dedicated to the mechanisms of exercise effect on blood pressure. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Excitation-Contraction and Excitation-Transcription Coupling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Alterations in Experimental Hypertension and Vascular Remodeling
Misárková, Eliška ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) express considerable phenotype plasticity. They are able to change their phenotype in vivo if necessary. It is important to know that during this phenotype switch the expression of transport proteins and channels is modified, which results in significant alteration of Ca2+ signaling in smooth muscle cells. In differentiated cells, which represent contractile phenotype, there are dominant rapid, transient events in intracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+ i), while the resting cytosolic Ca2+ i concentration is low. In differentiated cells these Ca2+ i events are mainly caused by two components of the Ca2+ signalling pathways: 1) extracellular Ca2+ influx via L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (L-type VGCC) in plasma membrane, and 2) depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores via ryanodin receptors located on sarcoplasmic reticulum. Rapid Ca2+ i oscillations are quickly reduced by numerous Ca2+ ATPases of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells are characterized by a long-lasting Ca2+ i oscillations accompanied by sustained elevation of basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration. During phenotype switch from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype there is decreased Ca2+ ATPase activity, and store-operated Ca2+...
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The role of RhoA/Rho kinase signalling pathway in the regulation of blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Brunová, Aneta ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Wasková, Petra (referee)
Evidence is accumulating that point to a major role of Rho kinase in arterial pathophysiology. Rho kinase is a key enzyme in calcium sensitization in vascular smooth muscle cells. Calcium sensitization is characterized as an increase in vascular contractility in the conditions of constant cytosolic calcium level. Inhibitors of Rho-kinase exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, mainly by lowering vascular contractility. This thesis summarizes the current progress in understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the control of peripheral resistance of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). It is evident that enhanced sympathetic activity and abnormal regulation of ion channel activity collectively contribute to high blood pressure maintenance in SHR.
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Neural mechanisms in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the rat
Vavřínová, Anna ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Neckář, Jan (referee)
Both sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems are involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the mostly used animal model of genetic hypertension, is characterized by multiple molecular, morphological and functional alterations at different levels of sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems. The study of young prehypertensive SHR allows to reveal the abnormalities preceding hypertension development, whereas adult SHR with established hypertension offers a better model for the treatment of human essential hypertension. The aim of my PhD Thesis was to describe abnormalities in sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems in SHR under different conditions. Firstly, ontogenetic differences which might contribute to hypertension development were determined. Secondly, the effect of chemical sympathectomy induced by guanethidine in adulthood on cardiovascular parameters and on the compensatory mechanisms counteracting the reduction of blood pressure were studied. Thirdly, stress-induced cardiovascular response and stress-induced changes of sympathoneural and sympathoadrenal systems were described in adult SHR. My Thesis brought several important results. The increased adrenal catecholamine content and the...
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Cardiac ischemic tolerance of hypertensive rats
Jelínek, Jan ; Neckář, Jan (advisor) ; Sotáková, Dita (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to summarize current knowledge about the influence of the ischemic- reperfusion injury at the myocard of hypertensive subjects. First part of this thesis is focused on the description of ischemia, reperfusion and changes in the myocardial metabolism during these processes. These changes in the myocardial metabolism are for example necrosis or apoptosis of the myocardial cells. The second part describes the currently known cardioprotective phenomena. This part also compares their effects. The signalization of preconditioning, the second window of preconditioning and the postconditioning are described here in more details. Third part is focused on the description of the risk factors connected to the ICHS and hypertension. It describes also classes of hypertension, clinical and experimental methods of hypertension treatment, description of the laboratory breeds of hypertensive rats. In the last part of this thesis I describe the influence of hypertension on the I-R injury in current laboratory studies. In the most studies spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used. As a normotensive controls Wistar-Kyoto rats were mostly used. For some other experiments transgenic genetic rats (TGR) were used. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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