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Digitization, the advantages and disadvantages, compared with analog processing of X-ray method with respect to radiation dose
TONCROVÁ, Silvie
Many years have passed since the discovery of X-rays, and yet X-ray examination remains one of the most frequently used examinations today. During the course of existence of radiological science, high-performance X-ray machines have been developed for basic radioscopy and radiographic techniques. In recent decades, computing technology has been increasingly applied in X-ray devices, and has become the basis for new X-ray examination techniques, introducing digitalization to the field of X-ray diagnosis. The objective of my work is to compare the advantages and disadvantages of digital processig of X-ray images versus analogue techniques, and to compare the economic and operational costs of these systems and the doses used in the respective devices. The comparisons were made at departments and units equipped with systems of direct digitalization, indirect digitalization, and analogue image processing. My hypothesis that the use of digital devices entails a lesser radiation burden for patients was confirmed. This is well apparent from the tables and graphs documenting the results of my measurements. I also provide a basic description of the generation and processing of X-ray images using the respective systems, some legislative requirements, and an explanation of basic terms and technicals data about the diagnostic devices used. This work indicates that digitalization in the field of radiodiagnostics contributes to the reduction of radiation dose for patients and is more economical for major healthcare facilities. Digitalized systems place greater demand on the software for image creation, but when properly used, they facilitate and expedite the work of radiology assistants and improve the quality of patient care.
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X {--} ray exposition parameters for imaging of prehistoric material.
HOLUB, Jan
The research of prehistoric skeletal samples using X {--} ray techniques is now a routine practice. With the development of digital technologies, the process of image is significantly faster, and subsequent processing brings more information that increases the yield of such research. Due to the availability of different systems, it is not clear which technology is the best for anthropological purposes. Moreover, when there is a huge quantity of samples to be imaged, we often obtain poor quality images. That in turn requires us to experiment with the setting of proper exposure times, thus slowing the entire imaging process. The objective of this work is to determine exposure parameters for prehistoric skeletal samples and to evaluate their effectiveness in direct and indirect digitalization systems. A subsequent goal is to compare the devices in terms of operation, quickness and quality of images, and to provide recommendations for the most suitable technology for working with these samples.
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Methods of checking the observance of diagnostic reference levels in the field of radiodiagnostics
KROUPOVÁ, Helena
Methods of Checking the Observance of Diagnostic Reference Levels in the Field of Radio diagnostics Although there is a simultaneous development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, perfection of instrumentation and means for personnel and patient protection, there is also an effort to reduce applied doses. In this way, medical irradiation caused by ionizing radiation used in medicine represents a significant contribution to the total dose of ionizing radiation that a person is exposed. Today the medical radiation in the Czech Republic comprises more than ninety per cent of radiation from an artificial source and approximately one ninth from the total population radiation. Evaluation of professional doctor radiation and X-ray devices attendance has been safeguarded within the personal dosimetry for many decades. However, systematic monitoring of doses related to medical radiation of the patient is a relatively new problem in the radiodiagnostics sphere. According to the Council directive 97/43/EUROATOM requirement, the SUJB has stated the so called ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} within enclosure number 9, Regulation No. 307/2002 Coll., about radiation protection. These ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} are dose levels within medical radiation and their exceeding is not expected at the 70 kg adult patient medical examination in the case of correct practice. The systematic exceeding of diagnostic reference levels under clinical practice conditions is the reason for reconsideration of radiation protection optimalization at a given workplace. In accordance with the proposal of the National Radiology Standards for Radiology Physics, the author team recommends the monitoring extension of the patient radiating load related to a particular medical radiation by specifying the local diagnostic reference levels, typical for a given type of workplace at a particular keeper, and their continuous verification within the clinical examination of the standard group of patients. Generally, the doses can be determined in two ways: by exposure parameter calculation or by product measure of area kerma, which is generally implemented by special devices, so called DAP meters. The aim of the work is the description of both methods, their comparison and the evaluation of the method effectiveness at various types of sciagrammatic workplaces.
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