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Proti americkému brouku! Lze odstranit raka signálního z malého toku?
JAKŠ, Jiří
Biological invasion by invasive alien crayfish species is a serious problem for the whole ecosystem. Non-native crayfish species have significantly better biological equipment and ability to adapt to the environment in which they live. This makes them very dangerous animals not only for our native crayfish species. One of these dangerous alien species is the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus - Dana, 1852). This species was imported from North America because of economic reasons. At the time of introduction of this non-native species, such massive spreading was not expected as well as negative impacts on native species. Now it is necessary to reduce the number of crayfish and thus significantly help the whole ecosystem. There are several ways how to reduce the population of signal crayfish and other non-native crayfish species. It was the subject of this work and it was only necessary to choose the appropriate method. Finally, one of the least invasive methods was chosen for this work, which is catching crayfish by hand and the net. The Křesánovský brook near Vimperk was chosen as a locality, where is located the dense population of the signal crayfish. This species already significantly reduced all the typical fish species that normally lived in this trout brook, and also significantly reduced the number of native crayfish (Astacus astacus - Linnaeus, 1758). This species can be seen there only rarely and often of a poor fitness. At the beginning of presented work, the main question was how successful this catch method would be. According to current theoretical knowledge, the method of catching crayfish by hand with net has a low success rate and it is not possible to remove the crayfish completely from the stream using this method. However, no one has conducted such a study at small accessible stream and it was therefore appropriate to carry out such a study. After intensive catches in the period from April to November, it was found that we are not able to remove or significantly reduce the number of crayfish living in this stream. However, there are several alternatives that can be used. These alternatives can be found in this work.
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American mink (Neovison vison) - biology of an invasive species.
Hlaváčová, Petra ; Vohralík, Vladimír (advisor) ; Anděra, Miloš (referee)
The American mink is considered to be an invasive, alien species across Europe, North Asia and also in South America and now it is perceived as a permanently growing treat for native biodiversity. Mink is an extremely adaptable predator, which achieves to adapt to almost any conditions and different food niches. The aim of this study was to contribute to cognition of biology of this species in Czechomoravian highlands condition. A telemetry study was run between 2004 and 2012 during which in total six individuals (3 males and 3 females) were being monitored on the Sázava River near Havlíčkův Brod. This study was supplemented by usage of photo traps. A couple of finding can be drawn from this study. Mainly, the records show the significant differences between sexes. Males and females differ in home range size, in day/night activity and in length of day movements. The second part of this study was focused on distinguishing tracks of three different species of mustelids: American mink, European mink and Western polecat. In total, 211 tracks obtained from these three species were measured. Seven points on a track has been identified, and the computer program Measuring tracks automatically created 131 parameters. These parameters were processed with canonical discriminant analysis. The results showed...
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Hodnocení účinnosti metod likvidace porostů trnovníku akátu
Jenčíková, Veronika
JENČÍKOVÁ, Veronika. The evaluation of the methods of disposal of black locust stands. Brno, 2019. Thesis. Mendel University in Brno. This thesis mainly deals with methods of liquidation of black locust stands and their comparison. The theoretical part also describes the biological characteristics of this problematic tree and its ability to invade the ecosystem. The practical part of this thesis deals with my own experiment in the Podyjí National Park, it was started in November 2016. Herbicide injection method, partial ringing and combination of these methods were chosen. The partial ringing was evaluated as the most effective method. Currently, there are wild horses (exmoor pony) grazing. They are able to suppress sprouting of the black locust. The thesis also contains various practical experiences of experts in this field. Complete removal of black locust stands is a very demanding process and requires several years of care for these areas. The choice of disposal method is linked to specific site conditions and to the desired target area.
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Factors affecting success of eradication campaigns of invasive plant species
Novotná, Tereza ; Pergl, Jan (advisor) ; Jandová, Kateřina (referee)
Increasing trade and human movements are responsible for species exchange at large scale causing several negative effects on biodiversity and human socio- economy. Introductions of new species outside their native range by humans, represents the first step in the process of biological invasions. One of the key questions related to biological invasions is how the impact of alien species can be minimized and what are the most efficient ways of management. My work is aimed to collating various information on management of invasive species in Prague, Czech Republic with special focus on identification of how many financial resources are invested to eradications, which species are being managed, and which factors affect the output of management. Several studies have identified key factors that affect the success of eradication campaigns: the spatial extent of the infestation, the reaction time, and the level of biological knowledge of the organism. Socio-economic factors, including the resources invested to eradication, are rarely available, and their effect is therefore seldom evaluated.
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American mink (Neovison vison) - biology of an invasive species.
Hlaváčová, Petra ; Vohralík, Vladimír (advisor) ; Anděra, Miloš (referee)
The American mink is considered to be an invasive, alien species across Europe, North Asia and also in South America and now it is perceived as a permanently growing treat for native biodiversity. Mink is an extremely adaptable predator, which achieves to adapt to almost any conditions and different food niches. The aim of this study was to contribute to cognition of biology of this species in Czechomoravian highlands condition. A telemetry study was run between 2004 and 2012 during which in total six individuals (3 males and 3 females) were being monitored on the Sázava River near Havlíčkův Brod. This study was supplemented by usage of photo traps. A couple of finding can be drawn from this study. Mainly, the records show the significant differences between sexes. Males and females differ in home range size, in day/night activity and in length of day movements. The second part of this study was focused on distinguishing tracks of three different species of mustelids: American mink, European mink and Western polecat. In total, 211 tracks obtained from these three species were measured. Seven points on a track has been identified, and the computer program Measuring tracks automatically created 131 parameters. These parameters were processed with canonical discriminant analysis. The results showed...
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Poliomyelitis and contemporary issues of its eradication
PETRÁŇOVÁ, Monika
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the eradication of infectious polio and its current problems. Polio is a highly infectious disease of viral origin. The most effective form of protection from the disease is vaccination. The main aim of this work was to determine the major issues in polio surveillance in the Pilsen region at present. Intermediate goals were determined in relation to the main aim: to ascertain the awareness of practicing paediatricians about the principles of poliomyelitis surveillance with an emphasis on diagnosing and reporting cases of acute palsy and further to ascertain the quality of the cooperation between the locally competent public health authority and practicing paediatricians in the field of poliomyelitis surveillance. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The practical part was elaborated using a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with practicing paediatricians and with the locally competent public health authority. The research was participated in by 9 practicing paediatricians and one public health authority worker from the Pilsen region, with an average length of practice of 20 years. The resulting data was then evaluated by a coding method and divided into schemes according to Švaříček and Šeďová (2007). Three research questions were defined based on the set aims: RQ1: What do practising paediatricians see as the prime problems in polio surveillance? RQ2: How many cases of acute palsy do practising paediatricians record and subsequently report to the competent public health authority? RQ3: What is the quality of the cooperation between practising paediatricians and the locally competent public health authority? The research revealed that, according to the practising paediatricians, the problem in poliomyelitis surveillance is refusal of the vaccination and the associated decreasing immunisation coverage of the population. The next most commonly reported problem was population migration. Furthermore, it was found that not one practising paediatrician recorded or reported cases of acute palsy in their surgery. Only one respondent encountered acute palsy 10 years ago. The answer to the last research question is also apparent from the information obtained. More than half of the respondents agreed that so far there is no cooperation on this issue. Although four respondents stated that the cooperation is at a high level and is of very good quality.
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Analysis of the problematics of coca cultivation in Bolivia and its impact on the relations with the US
Šlechtová, Markéta ; Havlová, Radka (advisor) ; Melounová, Irena (referee)
Bachelor thesis, Analysis of the problematics of coca cultivation in Bolivia and its impact on the relations with the US, examines the historical development, traditional use and cultivation of coca. It also discusses the causes of the US hard-line stance against drugs and its efforts to completely eradicate coca in producing countries such as Bolivia. It captures not only the historical but also the economic context, and the strategies and laws used to enforce the coca eradication. It also identifies the major reasons why the chosen strategy does not produce the desired effects, and how the problematic situation of the production and smuggling of drugs should be dealt with according to the bolivian president Evo Morales and the US government. Firstly, the study examines the historical context and traditions of the cultivation and use of coca, followed by a description of the domestic situation, the relation between Bolivia and the US and the lobbying efforts in coca legalization made by president Morales. The second chapter describes the history of cocaine in the US, hard-line stance against drugs and the drug cooperation of the US and Bolivian governments. The study ends with the insight and views on the current situation from the position of the United States and countries neighboring Bolivia.
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Control measures for an outbreak of foot and mouth disease at the point of origin and its surrounding
MUSILOVÁ, Karolína
This bachelor's thesis called "Control measures for an outbreak of foot and mouth disease at the point of origin and its surroundings" deals with problems concerning FMD disease occurrence in Chlebov livestock holding belonging to Reprogen JSC. FMD is extremely dangerous and highly contagious disease causing high fever that affects especially cloven-hoofed animals. A viral genus Aphthovirus is the originator, causing blisters and aphthae on intestinal tract, limbs and hairless skin, other symptoms are lameness and slobbering. The main source of infection is a sick animal and animals or objects contaminated by a sick animal. Animal to human transmission is possible but rare due to high quality of food processing and high standard of hygiene. The last recorded case of FMD in the Czech Republic was forty years ago. The public is convinced that possibility of FMD outbreak with subsequent spreading into the epidemic is almost zero. Despite this fact the Czech Republic as well as the European Union make an effort and a lot of funds to be prepared for extraordinary situations caused by FMD and Avian influenza. Concerned authorities prepare early warning and contingency plans whose up-to-date status is regularly verified during large scale emergency exercises on regional and national level basis. The introduction part of this thesis summarises disease control measures used during particular stages of development of the infection, from suspicion to confirmation to eradication of the disease. The first stage is carried out by the breeder and the veterinary authorities. The Integrated Rescue System involvement according to valid legislation is necessary after the disease is confirmed. Primarily involved in disease eradication are regional Fire Rescue Services, the Police of the Czech Republic and the Czech Republic's Army. The next part deals with the test of feasibility of disease control measures in Chlebov livestock holding. There was created map schematics with information about particular measures. It focuses primarily on cadaver disposal. Chlebov livestock holding is located in proximity of burying spot that is why the most optimal combination was chosen that is transport to Dobřejovice and burying. The hypothesis is following: "Within IRS frame we are able to manage the FMD disease in a particular livestock holding and prevent its spread into the whole area of the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis was to propose an action plan for overcoming FMD disease in particular livestock holding and to check the feasibility of these measures. Keywords: contagious disease, point of origin, eradication of FMD Available scientific literature and internet sources within the frame of valid legislation were used. The findings were checked and consulted with particular IRS members and veterinary authority representatives. The results part describes particular measures, their advantages and disadvantages and map schemas. While checking the feasibility of the measures a problem with biogas station appeared. It was discussed with the Reprogen representatives how to find an ideal solution to make this station secure. The second part of discussion was devoted to pondering whether we are ready to the possibility of spreading FMD disease through the whole area of the Czech Republic. To deal with this problem I gathered information about large epidemics during the last twenty years in Europe. After reviewing the information I came to the conclusion that the Czech Republic is not capable of dealing with large scale epidemics on its own and cooperation with other EU member states is necessary. There is a suggestion in the conclusion part of this work to further improve current set of measures and develop new ones.
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Možnosti eradikace nepůvodního a potenciálně invazivního druhu Calotropis procera na ostrově Sokotra
Šteflová, Gabriela
Calotropis procera, tree native in northern Africa and western and southern Asia, was introduced to Socotra for more than a century ago and is one of 87 non-native species of the local flora. Although in some places of the planet the species has invasive character, on Socotra it is not considered as dangerous. Especially in the north of the island near the capital Hadibo it is however abundantly represented in home gardens and could have an impact on local vegetation. During the field investigation, it has been found that as long as the vegetation of the island would be under intensive pressure of livestock, especially goats, Calotropis procera would not have invasive character outside fenced gardens. Mature individuals from the wild would be appropriate to reduce mechanically using common tools, mainly by cutting them because potential shoots would be rapidly eliminated by grazing.
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