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Proti americkému brouku! Lze odstranit raka signálního z malého toku?
JAKŠ, Jiří
Biological invasion by invasive alien crayfish species is a serious problem for the whole ecosystem. Non-native crayfish species have significantly better biological equipment and ability to adapt to the environment in which they live. This makes them very dangerous animals not only for our native crayfish species. One of these dangerous alien species is the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus - Dana, 1852). This species was imported from North America because of economic reasons. At the time of introduction of this non-native species, such massive spreading was not expected as well as negative impacts on native species. Now it is necessary to reduce the number of crayfish and thus significantly help the whole ecosystem. There are several ways how to reduce the population of signal crayfish and other non-native crayfish species. It was the subject of this work and it was only necessary to choose the appropriate method. Finally, one of the least invasive methods was chosen for this work, which is catching crayfish by hand and the net. The Křesánovský brook near Vimperk was chosen as a locality, where is located the dense population of the signal crayfish. This species already significantly reduced all the typical fish species that normally lived in this trout brook, and also significantly reduced the number of native crayfish (Astacus astacus - Linnaeus, 1758). This species can be seen there only rarely and often of a poor fitness. At the beginning of presented work, the main question was how successful this catch method would be. According to current theoretical knowledge, the method of catching crayfish by hand with net has a low success rate and it is not possible to remove the crayfish completely from the stream using this method. However, no one has conducted such a study at small accessible stream and it was therefore appropriate to carry out such a study. After intensive catches in the period from April to November, it was found that we are not able to remove or significantly reduce the number of crayfish living in this stream. However, there are several alternatives that can be used. These alternatives can be found in this work.
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American mink (Neovison vison) - biology of an invasive species.
Hlaváčová, Petra ; Vohralík, Vladimír (advisor) ; Anděra, Miloš (referee)
The American mink is considered to be an invasive, alien species across Europe, North Asia and also in South America and now it is perceived as a permanently growing treat for native biodiversity. Mink is an extremely adaptable predator, which achieves to adapt to almost any conditions and different food niches. The aim of this study was to contribute to cognition of biology of this species in Czechomoravian highlands condition. A telemetry study was run between 2004 and 2012 during which in total six individuals (3 males and 3 females) were being monitored on the Sázava River near Havlíčkův Brod. This study was supplemented by usage of photo traps. A couple of finding can be drawn from this study. Mainly, the records show the significant differences between sexes. Males and females differ in home range size, in day/night activity and in length of day movements. The second part of this study was focused on distinguishing tracks of three different species of mustelids: American mink, European mink and Western polecat. In total, 211 tracks obtained from these three species were measured. Seven points on a track has been identified, and the computer program Measuring tracks automatically created 131 parameters. These parameters were processed with canonical discriminant analysis. The results showed...
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Effectivity of invasive alien plant species control evaluation
Berchová-Bímová, K. ; Kadlecová, M. ; Vojík, Martin ; Vardarman, J.
This methodology is intended mainly for environmental agencies and other land managers, such as regional authorities and owners that are due to prevent and manage the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. The manual provides instructions for planning and realisation of IAS control project. In manual are described particular steps form the pre-project phase (planning and status quo) to the targets and their evaluation. In particular, there are described factors influencing the targets statement, subsequent control targets and their evaluation using indicators. The indicators show the level of the targets fulfil. Evaluation of whole project depends on targets fulfil a serve for the control project effectivity evaluation.
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Factors affecting success of eradication campaigns of invasive plant species
Novotná, Tereza ; Pergl, Jan (advisor) ; Jandová, Kateřina (referee)
Increasing trade and human movements are responsible for species exchange at large scale causing several negative effects on biodiversity and human socio- economy. Introductions of new species outside their native range by humans, represents the first step in the process of biological invasions. One of the key questions related to biological invasions is how the impact of alien species can be minimized and what are the most efficient ways of management. My work is aimed to collating various information on management of invasive species in Prague, Czech Republic with special focus on identification of how many financial resources are invested to eradications, which species are being managed, and which factors affect the output of management. Several studies have identified key factors that affect the success of eradication campaigns: the spatial extent of the infestation, the reaction time, and the level of biological knowledge of the organism. Socio-economic factors, including the resources invested to eradication, are rarely available, and their effect is therefore seldom evaluated.
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American mink (Neovison vison) - biology of an invasive species.
Hlaváčová, Petra ; Vohralík, Vladimír (advisor) ; Anděra, Miloš (referee)
The American mink is considered to be an invasive, alien species across Europe, North Asia and also in South America and now it is perceived as a permanently growing treat for native biodiversity. Mink is an extremely adaptable predator, which achieves to adapt to almost any conditions and different food niches. The aim of this study was to contribute to cognition of biology of this species in Czechomoravian highlands condition. A telemetry study was run between 2004 and 2012 during which in total six individuals (3 males and 3 females) were being monitored on the Sázava River near Havlíčkův Brod. This study was supplemented by usage of photo traps. A couple of finding can be drawn from this study. Mainly, the records show the significant differences between sexes. Males and females differ in home range size, in day/night activity and in length of day movements. The second part of this study was focused on distinguishing tracks of three different species of mustelids: American mink, European mink and Western polecat. In total, 211 tracks obtained from these three species were measured. Seven points on a track has been identified, and the computer program Measuring tracks automatically created 131 parameters. These parameters were processed with canonical discriminant analysis. The results showed...
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Poliomyelitis and contemporary issues of its eradication
PETRÁŇOVÁ, Monika
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the eradication of infectious polio and its current problems. Polio is a highly infectious disease of viral origin. The most effective form of protection from the disease is vaccination. The main aim of this work was to determine the major issues in polio surveillance in the Pilsen region at present. Intermediate goals were determined in relation to the main aim: to ascertain the awareness of practicing paediatricians about the principles of poliomyelitis surveillance with an emphasis on diagnosing and reporting cases of acute palsy and further to ascertain the quality of the cooperation between the locally competent public health authority and practicing paediatricians in the field of poliomyelitis surveillance. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The practical part was elaborated using a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with practicing paediatricians and with the locally competent public health authority. The research was participated in by 9 practicing paediatricians and one public health authority worker from the Pilsen region, with an average length of practice of 20 years. The resulting data was then evaluated by a coding method and divided into schemes according to Švaříček and Šeďová (2007). Three research questions were defined based on the set aims: RQ1: What do practising paediatricians see as the prime problems in polio surveillance? RQ2: How many cases of acute palsy do practising paediatricians record and subsequently report to the competent public health authority? RQ3: What is the quality of the cooperation between practising paediatricians and the locally competent public health authority? The research revealed that, according to the practising paediatricians, the problem in poliomyelitis surveillance is refusal of the vaccination and the associated decreasing immunisation coverage of the population. The next most commonly reported problem was population migration. Furthermore, it was found that not one practising paediatrician recorded or reported cases of acute palsy in their surgery. Only one respondent encountered acute palsy 10 years ago. The answer to the last research question is also apparent from the information obtained. More than half of the respondents agreed that so far there is no cooperation on this issue. Although four respondents stated that the cooperation is at a high level and is of very good quality.
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Analysis of the problematics of coca cultivation in Bolivia and its impact on the relations with the US
Šlechtová, Markéta ; Havlová, Radka (advisor) ; Melounová, Irena (referee)
Bachelor thesis, Analysis of the problematics of coca cultivation in Bolivia and its impact on the relations with the US, examines the historical development, traditional use and cultivation of coca. It also discusses the causes of the US hard-line stance against drugs and its efforts to completely eradicate coca in producing countries such as Bolivia. It captures not only the historical but also the economic context, and the strategies and laws used to enforce the coca eradication. It also identifies the major reasons why the chosen strategy does not produce the desired effects, and how the problematic situation of the production and smuggling of drugs should be dealt with according to the bolivian president Evo Morales and the US government. Firstly, the study examines the historical context and traditions of the cultivation and use of coca, followed by a description of the domestic situation, the relation between Bolivia and the US and the lobbying efforts in coca legalization made by president Morales. The second chapter describes the history of cocaine in the US, hard-line stance against drugs and the drug cooperation of the US and Bolivian governments. The study ends with the insight and views on the current situation from the position of the United States and countries neighboring Bolivia.
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Social aspects of people with poliomyelitis
PODHORSKÁ, Jitka
How it is a consequence of that title, this extended essay deals with problems of people suffering from poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis). Thanks to the systematic vaccination, this disease has not been found in the Czech Republik since the 1960s. The people who had got over paralysis after acute poliomyelitis in a successful way were feeling sureness for years. The return of the illness, respectively its late consequences after a few decades of a normal life means a change-over from the state of full or - as the case may be {--} only mildly reduced abilities to the state of lifelong invalidity for them. Handicapped people have to get over great numbers of obstructions and limits which arise partly from the existence of hte certain handicap and which are given by the handicaps {--} limits the organization of the society put in their way in the course of ist development in parts. Over recent years, the Czech Rebublik has ranged with the countries which realize a greater responsibility for the elimination of barriers keeping the handicapped citizens away from a full - value participation in the life of the society. The aim of the essay was to obtain a comprehensive view of possibilities of keeping social needs of people suffering from poliomyelitis {--} infantile paralysis and to evaluate the barriers which have to be got over by that group. It was also a very important thing to find the quality of life and satisfaction with a realization of aims of life as far as people suffering from poliomyelitis and to compare it with the quality of life as regards the current population. Three following hypotheses were set in line with this aim. Hypothesis No 1: In spite of the current legislation concerning the elimination of architectonic barriers, the handicapped people are limited in the participation in the public life. Hypothesis No 2: Considering the dependence on the other person´ s aid, the people suffering from postpoliomyelitis syndrome appreciate financial guarantees ensuing from the social service law in a high degree. Hypothesis No 3: The quality of life of people suffering from poliomyelitis is reduced, in comparison with the quality of life as far as healthy people. Hypothese 1 and 2 were confirmed by my research, hypothesis No 3 was not verified. The detailed analysis of the given hypotheses is included in the part of discussion in the extended essay. With respect to the relevance of the mentioned topic I suppose that the obtained results could be a contribution to the organizacions dealing with questions if the handicapped people . The essay can be presented at a public meeting of Assotiatin Polio various specialists and the lay public take part in.
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