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Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech Republic from medical sources
ŠÍPOVÁ, Aneta
The intention of my diploma thesis was estimate the effective doses from different examinations in the area of the nuclear medicine and radiodiagnosis and find out what numbers are of the examinations in the Czech republic. In the theoretical part I worked with the professional literature, the applicable legal regulations and the internet links. The diploma thesis on the topic "Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech republic from medical sources" is partition to the two parts. The introductory part of the theoretical work is dedicated to the importance of medical radiation within radiological methods and to the brief description the whole thesis. In the other part od the thesis are summarized the informations about the ionizing radiation - about his history, species, sources, interactions with the environment and biological effects on the organism. In the other part of the thesis which is devoted to radiation protection is listed the basic czech legislation which relates on the given topic. Further are in this thesis within the radiation protection listed her objectives, conception, principles, radiation protection methods, radiation monitoring and basic monitored quantities which are important in terms of the radiation protection. In the last part of the theoretical thesis is listed the medical radiation and his possibilities of use in the medical. In this thesis were to established three objectives. The first objective was to estimate the average effective doses in various examinations in the nuclear medicine and the radiodiagnosis. For selected examinations was calculated the average effective dose for patients who underwent the selected examination in January 2022. In the framework of nuclear medicine, it was an skeletal scintigraphy (96 patients), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (51 patients), perfusion and ventilation lung scintigraphy (166 patients) and dynamic renal scintigraphy (12 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021. In the famework of the radiodiagnosis, it was an CT brain natively (226 patients), abdominal CT natively (91 patients), CT chest native (33 patients) and CT of the lumbrar spine natively (46 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021 and the results listed in the document "Medical radiation assessment" released by the SÚJB in the year 2021. The second objective was to find out how are numbers of examinations mentioned above in Czech republic. For this purpose I was provided with data from ÚZIS. Within this objective were estimated the collective effective doses. The third objective was estimated the relative probability of emergence of stochastic effects (the cancer). For this purpose was used the program named X-ray risk.
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Radiation safety in the nuclear medicine department
ANTONÍNOVÁ, Eva
The practice in the department of nuclear medicine requires the involvement of radiation protection with care of patients and occupational safety of radiation workers. Nuclear medicine involves the handling of radioactive substances that may cause external or internal irradiation of workers. The amount of the dose depends on the type of radionuclide, the amount of energy, the work performed by the worker within the department. Patients or staff may be exposed to the external or internal irradiation. The topic of this thesis is the analysis of the current state of radiation protection in the department of nuclear medicine according to the new legislation. The part of the work is the evaluation of monitoring of workers and patients. The research results of the average annual effective dose of total body irradiation at radiation workers ranged from 1.35 to 1.73 mSv, monthly ranged from 0.1? 0.65 mSv. The average annual equivalent dose of Hp (0,07) ranged from 1.15 to 117.68 mSw. The lowest monthly Hp (0.07) was 0.07 mSw and the highest one was 19.92 mSw. At SSK-treated patients the doses applied were 4% lower than diagnostic reference level and the dose at DSSL-treated patients was 22% less than DRU. In conclusion, it was found that the values from personal dosimeters were below the limit and in the case of finger dosimeters in two cases the values were above the examination level. The values of other workers were below the monitoring level during the monitored period. The applied doses of radiopharmaceuticals were less in the observed group of patients than the established diagnostic reference level. On the basis of the presented results it can be stated that radiation protection is in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of Znojmo Hospital f.o, secured in accordance with the applicable legislation.
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The Radiation protection of Patients and staff in Nuclear Medicine.
DAŇOVÁ, Kristína
Open radioactive sources are used at the department of nuclear medicine for diagnoses and therapy, as well as for research purposes. Ionizing radiation is applied in all cases. Since a negative impact of this radiation has been depicted, it is necessary to systematically reduce the radiation on people, and protect the environment. The title of this bachelor thesis is: "Radiation protection of staff and operatives at the Department of Nuclear Medicine". This thesis is devided into several parts. The beginning of the theoretical part focuses on history of origins of radiation protection and institutions which deal with it. Further, nuclear medicine as such, its equipment, and structure of the department in general is described. The conclusion then introduces the DNM in the town of České Budějovice. Ionizing radiation and its biological effects on organisms were defined, as well as quantities and units which characterize it. A considerable part of this work focuses on principles of radiation protection, monitoring of the staff, workplace and releases. This work also deals with dosimetry and lists types of used dosimeters. It assesses the risks of outer and inner radiation. The aim of this thesis was to analyse laws and regulations which are connected to radiation protection and identify its effective application for staff and patiens of the DNM in České Budějovice. Another aim was to examine the radiation protection of patients at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, as well as the radiation protection of patients and staff at the inpatient ward. The research question was: "Is the radiation protection of patients and staff at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in hospital in the town of České Budějovice sufficiently optimized?" The method of research was assembling and recording materials of nuclear medicine in České Budějovice, compare doses of thermoluminescent dosimeters of the staff in outpatient and inpatient wards, and compare doses of finger and whole-body thermoluminescent dosimeters. The practical part provides detail information, charts and graphs of effective and equivalent doses of staff of outpatient and inpatient wards of the DNM in the town of České Budějovice between years 2009 and 2013. The outpatient ward comprises of fifteen employees. The inpatient ward of three nurses and one hospital attendant. These were observed in details for effective dose equivalents Hp(10) during each individual month for the period of five years. Results from the personal whole-body and finger dosimeters have been used for the analysis. The values of equivalent doses of HT from finger TLD are recorded for two of the employees. The data for the hospital in the town of České Budějovice was assessed by CSOD Ltd. In Prague, a company which has been providing dosimetric calculations in the Czech Republic for over tweny years. This data was compared with limits for radiation workers, which are regulated by State Office for Nuclear Safety no.389/2012 Sb., from November 16th, 2012, which changes the public notice of State Office for Nuclear Safety no.307/2002 Sb., about radiation protection as amended by public notice no.499/2005 Sb. The outcomes of the thesis have remitted a very high level of radiation protection and well-established measures in the protection of staff and patients against negative effects of ionizing radiation in the hospital of the town of České Budějovice. The thesis is then enhanced by a discussion, which reflects the outcomes compared with professional findings summarised in the theoretical part. The answer to the research quesion is: "Yes, radiation protection of the staff and patients at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the hospital of the town of České Budějovice is sufficiently optimized." This bachelor thesis can be used as a study material for students of the field of study Radiology Assistant.
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A patient after a diagnostic application of radiopharmaceuticals as a source of radiation - mutual radiation strain of the personnel and patients
MARKOVÁ, Iveta
ABSTRACT A patient after a diagnostic application of radiopharmaceuticals as a source of radiation - mutual radiation strain of the personnel and patients My work focuses on the radiation protection on account of the potential influence of ionizing radiation with its negative effects on a human organism. In my work I concentrated on observing the obtained personal equivalent doses of the ionizing radiation in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. I also focused on the measurement and assessment of the dose rate obtained by the employees of the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. from treated patients with regard to the distance and type of the applied radiopharmaceutical. The methods chosen for the actual measuring, gathering, recording and assessment of the data are described in a great detail and presented in the methodology of my work. The data obtained from the personal TL dosimeters is registered and filed in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. on a long term basis. Therefore it enabled me to analyze the equivalent dose of four nurses during the last five years. The results were compared with the figures determined in the regulation 307/2002 of the Code, as amended by regulation 499/2005 of the Code. The results are then clearly presented in tables and graphs. The collected data has confirmed that the values of equivalent doses obtained from the personal TL dosimeters of four nurses working in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Hospital of České Budějovice, plc. do not exceed figures determined by the regulation 307/2002 of the Code, as amended by regulation 499/2005 of the Code. The measured dose rates decrease with the distance and are proportional to the activity and type of radiopharmaceutical.
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