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Detekce variability cpDNA u rostlin
Valová, Radmila
This thesis deals with the detection of the variability of a given region of chloroplast DNA. A selected region of chloroplast DNA matK is compared between two genera Aloe and Ruschia as representatives of the two evolutionary lineages of monocots and higher dicots. CpDNA is widely used for phylogenetic studies due to high variability. Selected 92 representatives from the genus Aloe and 106 representatives from the genus Ruschia were used for analysis. Both genera are predominantly found in southern Africa, mainly in the Cape region. The first part of the thesis was focused on the characteristics of the selected genera and the description of the methods used in the analysis. The analysis involved isolation of DNA from representatives of both genera, PCR, purification and subsequent sequencing. The obtained sequences were evaluated using available software and subsequently phylogenetic trees of the selected representatives of both genera were constructed. The phylogenetic trees were created using the Maximum likelihood method. The main result was the detection of variability within and between the selected genera based on consensus sequences.
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Differentiation in the polyploid complex Libanotis pyrenaica (Apiaceae)
Přívozníková, Hana ; Chrtek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Vít, Petr (referee)
Polyploidization belong to principal evolutionary mechanisms in plants. Although it is rather rare in the family Apiaceae, there are several interesting polyploid complexes here. The present study deals with Libanotis pyrenaica, species three previously reported ploidy levels, namely diploid (2n = 2x = 22), tetraploid (2n = 4 x = 44) and most likely very rare triploid (2n = 3x = 33). The present study aims at geographical pattern of ploidal diversity in central Europe, genetic variation and selected biological features of this species. Flow cytometru, analysis of two chloroplast DNA markers (trnF-trnL and cp018-cp020), morphometrics and in vitro germination experiments were used. The tetraploid cytotype occurs throughout the studied area; in the Czech Republic it was found in the České středohoří Mts., southern Bohemia and Moravia, in Slovakia it especially in the Carpathian mountains in western and central parts of the country and in the Pieniny Mts. in the northeast. Tetraploid cytotype occurs mainly in central-east Europe; in the Czech Republic it is common in the lowlands along the river of Labe and locally in Moravia; in Slovakia it was found along the river of Váh, in the Slovenské rudohorie Mts. and in the Belanské Tatry Mts. A mixed-ploidy population (2x, 4x) was discovered in southern...
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Revision of Juncaceae and Cyperaceae phylogeny based on cpDNA and nDNA
BROŽOVÁ, Viktorie
The phylogeny of Juncaceae and Cyperaceae is still not fully understood. The morphology of this group is intricate and without clear homology, and molecular relationships are mostly studied on smaller parts of this large group of Monocots. Proper study is therefore needed. To obtain the most objective view on the phylogeny of these two families, we gathered data on 1174 taxa of rbcL, trnL-trnF, and ITS and analysed them by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Markers of cpDNA appeared much more useful than nDNA (ITS) due to the high rate of mutations in ITS which led to homoplasy and unsure alignment. By considering taxonomical impact of our study, the monophyly of the families and main inner topology of Juncaceae and several tribes of Cyperaceae (Abildgaardieae, Bisboeckelereae, Cariceae, Cypereae, Cryptangieae, Eleocharideae, Rhynchosporeae, Sclerieae, and Trilepideae) were confirmed; some changes in taxonomy were suggested (uniting of Chrysitricheae and Hypolytreae; division of Fuireneae; uniting of Cariceae, Dulicheae, Scirpeae, and Khaosokia caricoides into one tribe, or division of Scirpeae; and separation of Cladieae); changes in the classification of certain taxa were also suggested (the transfer of Distichia, Marsippospermim, Oxychloë, Patosia, and Rostkovia into Juncus, or division of Juncus into more genera; the transfer of Nemum spadiceum into Bulbostylis; Schoenoplectus corymbosus, S. gemmifer, S. hondoensis, and S. multisetus into the genus Schoenoplectiella; and Oreobolopsis into Trichophorum); and the identification of some taxa which possess special combinations of molecular and morphological features and should be studied further was made (Juncus capitatus, J. dregeanus, Bulbostylis juncoides, Crosslandia setifolia, Schoenoplectus litoralis, S. americanus, Cyperus iria, and Amphiscirpus nevadensis).
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Differentiation in the polyploid complex Libanotis pyrenaica (Apiaceae)
Přívozníková, Hana ; Chrtek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Vít, Petr (referee)
Polyploidization belong to principal evolutionary mechanisms in plants. Although it is rather rare in the family Apiaceae, there are several interesting polyploid complexes here. The present study deals with Libanotis pyrenaica, species three previously reported ploidy levels, namely diploid (2n = 2x = 22), tetraploid (2n = 4 x = 44) and most likely very rare triploid (2n = 3x = 33). The present study aims at geographical pattern of ploidal diversity in central Europe, genetic variation and selected biological features of this species. Flow cytometru, analysis of two chloroplast DNA markers (trnF-trnL and cp018-cp020), morphometrics and in vitro germination experiments were used. The tetraploid cytotype occurs throughout the studied area; in the Czech Republic it was found in the České středohoří Mts., southern Bohemia and Moravia, in Slovakia it especially in the Carpathian mountains in western and central parts of the country and in the Pieniny Mts. in the northeast. Tetraploid cytotype occurs mainly in central-east Europe; in the Czech Republic it is common in the lowlands along the river of Labe and locally in Moravia; in Slovakia it was found along the river of Váh, in the Slovenské rudohorie Mts. and in the Belanské Tatry Mts. A mixed-ploidy population (2x, 4x) was discovered in southern...
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Polyploid speciation of the genus Anthoxanthum in Europe
Khodlová, Zuzana ; Trávníček, Pavel (advisor) ; Štech, Milan (referee)
Eight of fifteen species in genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae) can be found in Europe. Five of them are perennials forming A. odoratum complex, the remaining three are annual, more or less mediterranean taxa (A. aristatum, A. ovatum and A. gracile). Within the A. odoratum s. l. complex the following taxa are distinguished: widely spread A. odoratum s. str. (4x; 2n = 20), arcto-alpine A. alpinum (2x a 4x; 2n = 10 and 20), Madeiran endemic species A. maderense (2x; 2n = 10), endemic species of Balkan mountains A. pauciflorum (2x; 2n = 10) and the Iberian peninsula endemic A. amarum (?x; 2n ~ 90). The aim of this thesis is to clearify the unknown evolutionary relationships between the taxa, between the annuals and perennials, diploids and polyploids. The following questions should be answered in this study: 1) What is the origin and distribution of the rediscovered diploid perennial taxon and what is its relationship to the other members of the group; 2) What is the distribution pattern of the perennial taxa of the genus Anthoxanthum in Europe and what is their haplotype differenciation (overall distribution of the taxa and haplotypes and the existence of their sympatric occurence); 3) What evolutionary ties exist among the species and what is the origin of allotetraploid taxon A. odoratum s.str. The...
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Haplotyping of oak populations by chloroplast sequencing reveals origin and homogeneity of populations
Vlasák, Josef ; Cvrčková, H. ; Máchová, P.
The aim of this publication is to present new method of DNA isolation from young\noak leaves that enables efficient amplification of trnD-trnT region of chloroplast\nDNA and direct sequencing of crude PCR reaction mixture. Sequence data of trnDtrnT region have been used to examine Quercus robur and Q. petraea populations variability. High discrimination power of this method is demonstrated, comparable with previously used restriction analysis of four similar chloroplast DNA regions. Variable positions in trnT-trnD chloroplast DNA fragment are mapped and their use for oak haplotyping indicated. As an example, 20 Czech Republic oak populations were analyzed and their history, geografical origin and homo/heterogeneity were revealed.
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Dispersal, distribution and genetic diversity of Melampyrum subalpinum group
CHLUMSKÝ, Jan
This thesis is focused on the dispersal, distribution, and genetic diversity of the taxonomically highly diverse Melampyrum subalpinum group. A complete revision of the localities of M. subalpinum in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is presented. The genetic variation and population structure of the M. subalpinum group across its distribution range is described based on allozymes, nuclear and chloroplast gene sequencing, and genome size. Signs of historical hybridization with M. nemorosum were found in some populations. A comparison of seed dispersal by ants between the co-occurring M. subalpinum and M. pratense and the influence of differences in this process are presented. A new mean of seed dispersal (endozoochory) is introduced for Melampyrum. Myrmecochorous dispersal distances are tested and Holocene migration possibilities are discussed taking into account endozoochory.
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Genetická a morfologická variabilita skupiny \kur{Melampyrum nemorosum}
DRAHNÍK, Petr
Melampyrum nemorosum agg. is very complicated group of hemiparasitic plants. According to the traditional concept, 15 species is distinguished. Recent molecular analyses show a need of critical taxonomic revision of group and a potential importance of ancient hybridization. Analysis of 3 regions of cpDNA (trnTUGU-trnLUAA, psbA-trnHGUG, rpl32-trnLUAG) and 2 regions of nuclear DNA (Agt1 and At103) reveals well supported lineage with limited geographical distribution. Morphology and genome size of genetically supported lineages were compared.
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Genetická a morfologická variabilita skupiny \kur{Melampyrum nemorosum}
DRAHNÍK, Petr
Melampyrum nemorosum agg. is very complicated group of hemiparasitic plants. According to the traditional concept, 15 species is distinguished. Recent molecular analyses show a need of critical taxonomic revision of group and a potential importance of ancient hybridization. Analysis of 3 regions of cpDNA (trnTUGU-trnLUAA, psbA-trnHGUG, rpl32-trnLUAG) and 2 regions of nuclear DNA (Agt1 and At103) reveals well supported lineage with limited geographical distribution. Morphology and genome size of genetically supported lineages were compared.
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