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Differential Diagnostics of Anaemias from the Morphological Point of View
KLIMENTOVÁ, Michaela
Anaemia is considered to be a worldwide disease and it remains to be a topical one. This thesis tries to stress the importance of correct diagnosis of anaemia, without which correct and effective treatment cannot be adjusted. Although the number of people with anaemia is increasing, a large proportion are unaware of their disease, have not been diagnosed with it and therefore do not treat it. To diagnose anaemia is not difficult, however, differential diagnosis is the key to diagnose it correctly. A great contribution to the differential diagnosis is the description of erythrocyte indices that can be used to determine the exact type of anaemia and their subsequent use in differential diagnosis. The main objective of this bachelor thesis, entitled "Morphological Differential Diagnosis of Anaemia", is the statistical evaluation of the incidence of different types of anaemia, differentiated based on the erythrocyte morphology. Within the practical part of the thesis, blood counts were analysed on an automatic haematology analyser and then the data from the examinations were statistically processed. Excel was used to process all the data. The results of the statistical processing were entered into tables and graphs. Before the statistical processing, 3 hypotheses were defined and tested using a chi-square test which resulted in a level of significance (p). For all three hypotheses, the resulting level of significance was <5%, meaning that all null hypotheses were rejected and in all cases the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Surprisingly, macrocytic anaemia was more frequent than microcytic anaemia in the dataset (20 % of all types of anaemia versus 10 %), but as expected, hypochromic anaemia was more frequent than hyperchromic anaemia (17.39 % of all types of anaemia versus 5.65 %). Normocytic normochromic anaemia was the most represented anaemia in the dataset (62.61 % of types of anaemia). The results obtained from this study may be used for research purposes or as a source of information.
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Blood count changes in chronic ill patients and their laboratory processing
VÁVROVÁ, Michala
In my bachelor´s thesis I deal with anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), which is the sekond most common anaemia after anaemia from iron deficiency and usually it accompanies chronic inflammatory, infectious or even autoimmune diseases. I describe anaemia in general terms, because it´s a very common disease, in the theoretical part. I also deal with disorders of iron metabolism and it is correct functioning in the organism, diagnosis, causes, treatment and new therapeutic approaches of ACD. I devote a particular attention to patients, who have anaemia of chronic kidney disease. It is one of the most common diseases, which anaemia accompanies and in the last decade it has been the subject of intense study. I devote to analysis data in the practical part. At first, I investigated the blood cell counts of 30 patients with ACD using the hematology analyzer CELL-DYN Ruby in the laboratory STAFILA, spol. s. r. o. České Budějovice for the period June 2016 to April 2017. Next I dealt with cell blood count with parameters: the number of erythrocytes (RBC), the amount of hemoglobin (HGB), a medium volume (MCV) and distribution width of erythrocytes (RDW), because they are associated with ACD. I observed that ACD is most found at the patients in the age group over 70 years, which included mostly women and according to the calculated average age of both sexes, the disease appears a little earlier at woman. Almost all patients had low levels of RBC and HGB. I´ve identified the severity of anaemia according to HGB levels. Most patients had mild anaemia and the least patients severe one. I observed according to the average values of Hb for each age category. I observed that the value of Hb decreases with increasing age. The majority of patients had according to the value of MCV normocytic anaemia and according to the value of RDW heterogeneous population of erythrocytes more occured more at the men. I compared my results with the studies and comfirmed that it really is ACD.
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The metabolic profile of the milch cow of holstein breed in the period of lactation
HORČIČKOVÁ, Michaela
Diploma work was concentrated on the evaluation of two metabolic profiles on the milch cows of Holstein breed on the basic of compilated nutritive rations for individual phases of lactation. The metabolic tests were evaluated in the milch cows in the period of making cow milk, the top of lactation and the second phase of lactation. The balance of nutriments was counted out in the nutritive rations. The haemotological and biochemical parameters, macromineral and urinary profiles were evaluated in the metabolic profiles. The work in the both metabolic profiles evidenced the reduced number of erythrocytes which can be connected with the occurence of anaemia. In the period of the top of lactation it is possible to speculate about an energetical deficit with regard to the low content of triacylglycerols. In the profile tests the presence of ketone bodies substances in urine was found out in the period of making cow milk. This finding connects with the negative energetic balance that occurrs in the course of the first two months after calving. Within of mineral profile an attention should be paid to especially the content of calcium, which was reduced in the both profiles. In comparison with the profiles perfomed in 2011 we find out that reached modifications of the nutrive ration and the increase in the content of main nutriments, which shoved in the milch cows by improvement of metabolic effects. Neverthless in breeding of the milch cows the increased emphasis should be put on the period of making cow milk and the recommendation for prevention from anaemia or other disorders is carrying out of the selective metabolic test.
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Qualitative parameters of erythrocytes in selected animal species
BÖHMOVÁ, Václava
The goal of the thesis is to evaluate the haematologic indicators of red blood cells depending to the physiological condition and yield of cattle, sheep and dogs. The evaluation of qualitative parameters of red blood cells included 59 dairy cows, 57 meat cows, 62 sheep and 73 dogs. The evaluation of the haematologic parameters of cattle was performed based on the production (yield) type and by season; that of sheep, by season, age and sex of lambs; and that of dogs, by sex, age and size - weight. The yield types showed statistically significant difference between the number or erythrocytes, haematocrit, haemoglobin, MCV and MCH concentration. The dairy cows showed seasonal fluctuations of the number of erythrocytes, haematocrit and haemoglobin; the meat cows showed fluctuations of the haemoglobin, MCH and MCHC values. The age influenced higher values of erythrocytes in sheep and lower values of MCV and MCH in lambs. The sex of lambs did not lead to significant differences. The evaluation of dogs by age showed differences of haematocrit and haemoglobin values. The dog size (weight) and the sex did not have demonstrable influence on haematologic values. Anaemia was found in 36 % dairy cows (it did not occur in meat cattle) and in 2 sheep (3 %). By most authors, anaemia was not found in dogs.
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The Specifics of Nursing Care of Anaemic Clients
ROKŮSKOVÁ, Pavla
The topic of this bachelor thesis is ``The Specifics of Nursing Care of Anaemic Clients{\crq}q. Anaemia is one of the most common diseases associated with haemopoiesis. It is mostly revealed as a secondary finding accompanying other diseases. Since the occurrence of this disease is rather common, the probability of providing care to an anaemic patient is large. The research part of this bachelor thesis is processed by means of qualitative research methods. The objective of the thesis was to ascertain the specifics of nursing care of anaemic patients and their unsatisfied needs as identified by them. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews. The interviewed persons were the nurses working in the hematologic outpatient ward and the internal ward and the anaemic clients attending the hematologic outpatient ward. The questions asked in the semi-structured interviews are based in particular on technical literature and on the conceptual nursing model of M. Gordon. The research results are processed in case reports, categorization tables and basic charts. The categorization tables contain the most interesting data obtained from the conducted interviews. The main results of the research include the ascertained specifics of nursing care in the area of blood taking, changes in the food composition and the movement regime, and application of transfusions and medication. The other results of the research include ascertainment of unsatisfied needs of anaemic clients. The unsatisfied needs of the clients are reported in particular in the area of physiological needs where the greatest troubles are caused by prevalent tiredness accompanying this disease. On the basis of the research results a hypothesis for further research has been proposed. This thesis is intended especially for the professional nursing community. The results of the research draw attention to the needs felt by the clients and to the specifics of nursing care provided to these clients. The benefit of the thesis consists in the opportunity to utilize the obtained findings for study purposes and in provision of nursing care to anaemic clients.
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