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The rescue of critically endangered fish species through manipulation with spermatogonia and oogonia
DOBROVOLNÝ, Petr
The transplant experiments described in this work may help to shorten the generation interval for long maturing endangered fish species and their more effective reproduction. Further, it is possible to preserve the separated spermatogonia and oogonia using a cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. We conserve both paternal and maternal DNA and the gene pool of endangered fish species will not be depleted of maternal part. It's because we can freeze only sperm in the preservation of mature gametes. Fish eggs and embryos would not survive freezing. The described methods will be applied in the future to more effective rescue of critically endangered sturgeons by the transplantation of their germ cells into a Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). These methods can be suitable for application on other species of endangered fish in case of finding an appropriate recipient. As an example of our fish species is a European eel (Anguilla Anguilla). The Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) and the Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) were used as model organisms. For Siberian sturgeon the enzymatic dissociation technique, sorting of germ cells using Percoll gradient concentration and transplantation of sturgeon spermatogonia and oogonia were used. The results showed that the use of 0.3% of trypsin in PBS is optimal for dissociation of spermatogonia and oogonia, because this medium was dissociating the highest number of cells without reducing their viability. The separation of the early stages of germ cells has been successfully achieved by segregation in 10 to 30% of Percoll gradient with the help of centrifugation. After transplantation it was proved in spermatogonia as well in oogonia that they colonized the genital ridges of the host. The recipient became a chimera of a germ line, which can produce donor gametes throughout his life.
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Nursing of organ donors at the Department of the Anesthesiology and Resuscitation.
KLIVANOVÁ, Zuzana
This bachelor thesis deals with nursing of organ donors at the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation and mainly the work nurses perform. There are situations, when transplantation is the only way how to save one's life and the nursing of such patients is vital. Hygiene, bandaging and brain-death diagnosis are not only very important, but also time demanding. The most demanding thing is the psyche of the nurse herself, she has to be aware of the fact, that the patient she nurses is going to die, but one or more lives are saved in the process. The whole process of transplantation is very long and complicated and requires a lot of medical interventions from numerous doctors and nurses, who deserve a great deal of credit. The nurse has full responsibility for the patient, she works on her own and without supervision and she alone is responsible for the nursing quality. Nursing requires good knowledge of every aspect of the process. The nurse is a full member of the whole transplantation medical team, because it is her, who spends the most time with the patient and it is her who takes notice of every single problem which she consults with the doctor. The theoretical part deals with the process of taking off the organs from brain-dead patients. It also deals with the history of transplantation and the law and morale aspect of organ transplantation. Then the thesis deals with the process of brain-death diagnosis and the medical equipment used in this process. The last chapter is about organ donors monitoring at the department of intense care, nursing of the organ donors and nursing of deceased patients. The aim of this research was to find out how the nursing process works at the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation. There were two main pre-set questions for this research. The first question was. How are the organ donors nursed at the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation? The second was. What mistakes do the nurses make while nursing organ donors? The practical part of this work contains the outcomes of my qualitative research from the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation at the hospital in Ceske Budejovice. A semi-structured dialogue method was used. There were sixteen questions prepared according to professional literature. The research I made was acknowledged by the head nurse and I spoke with eight previously chosen Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation nurses. During the dialogues I took notes which I then processed via the paper-pencil technique. After a precise analysis of the data collected I established three main categories. First one is basic nursing, second one is nursing of brain-dead patients and the last one is nursing of organ donors. Each category consists itself from various sub-categories, which are shown in a diagram. Some questions mentioned in the dialogues can't be categorised, so they are mentioned in the diagrams. The last question was of a morale nature, which is crucial in this field of nursing. The findings of this bachelor thesis show, how organ donors are nursed. The research has shown that the hygiene, bandaging and organ donor vital functions monitoring is no different from nursing of other acute patients. The nursing quality in the hospital is according to all the standards, which nurses follow precisely. Dead bodies are handled exclusively by nurses as it is a natural part of the whole process. Nurses were fully able to specify the methods of determining a brain-dead patient. They knew what tissue samples are essential and what kind of medical equipment is used for brain-death diagnosis. The communication between the hospital and the Centre of coordination for organ donors is done according to the law n. 285/2002 Sb. It is the duty of medical staff to inform the centre about every single patient. This process is the responsibility of the doctor and the nurse does as she is told.
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Transplatantion and ethics - general awareness (preliminary survey)
FARKAŠOVÁ, Markéta
This bachelor's thesis deals with the ethical issues of transplantation and its awareness by the general public. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on the description of the most common ethical issues of transplantation. In modern era the transplantation of tissues and organs is generally seen as positive and emphasized clinical method, but still there are some certain ethical dilemmas. The very problem is the fact that this topic is only few communicated in the public and the citizens, speaking about the specific situation in the Czech Republic, have in certain parts the mistaken awareness of the function of the transplantation system "Opting out" which presumes the posthumous agreement with taking of tissues and organs after the death of the patient. The aim of the bachelor's thesis is to find out first what ethical aspects of transplantations are identified by the experts and whether according to their awareness the general publics have the interest in transplantations. Subsequently, the pre-research survey questions collect whether the answers from the citizens correspond with the answers of the expert representatives and also whether the respondents consider the current system in the Czech Republic as functional and ethically acceptable. Based on the described objectives the primarily qualitative research was chosen, managed by interviewing technique and semi-structured interviews with medical transplantologist, medical lawyer and bioethicist. From these interviews the important ethical aspects were analyzed from which further survey questions that have been tested on a sample of 130 respondents were prepared. The processed survey is the result of the bachelor's thesis and serves only as a pre-research of the pilot study. The results of interviews point to an existence of certain ethical issues connected with transplantations. Subsequently created and validated survey reflects the awareness of Czech Republic citizens of selected topic. Despite the fact that collected data from survey answers are considered as a guide and in fact indicative, some of the registered data is surprising. Among these belongs also e.g. the absolute majority of most respondent conviction of the possibility of illegal trade with organs in the Czech Republic. Other points of interest include the slightest awareness of such citizens who do not want to be donors upon their death. The positive result can be the fact that most of the surveyed respondents wish and agree with posthumous collection of their tissues and organs. Immediately we do learn that about the half of respondents is not well familiarized with currently working system of transplantations in the Czech Republic that assumes the agreement with posthumous collection of tissues and organs. Based on these findings, this created survey with specific slight changes, can be used in the future for quantitative more detailed investigation focused on the mentioned respondents according to pre-research results.
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Public Opinion Toward the Tissues and Organs Removal for Transplantation Purposes
KRATOCHVÍLOVÁ, Nikola
The bachelor thesis 'Public Opinion Toward the Tissues and Organs Removal for Transplantation Purposes', as the title suggests, aims at examining the public opinion on the given topic. The objective of the paper was to research how the society perceives the removal of tissues and organs, as well as the level of public awareness in this field. The bachelor thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretic part is dealing with the current conditions of the tissues and organs removal for the purposes of transplantation. This part is divided into three main chapters. Main topics covered by the bachelor thesis are the medical, ethical and legal issues related to the tissues and organs removal. The aim of the practical part was to examine the public opinion on the removal of tissues and organs for the purposes of transplantation. Another objective was to find out whether the society is sufficiently informed about the issue, mainly from the legal point of view. Given the fact that the law 285/2002 Sb. (the transplant law), which has changed the field fundamentally, was introduced almost 12 years ago, I was interested whether the public has sufficient information on the principles of the assumed agreement with the organ and tissue removal. The two determined hypotheses were: Hypothesis 1. The public agrees with the removal of tissues and organs for the purposes of transplantation as a way of saving someone´s life. Hypothesis 2. The majority of respondents does not want to be registered in the National Register of Persons Refusing Posthumous Donation of Tissues and Organs (NROD).The thesis highlighted some issues concerning the removal of tissues and organs for the purpose of transplantation and examined opinions and the level of knowledge of the public in the health-related, ethical and legal matters.
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Nursing care for cadaverous patients and nurses views on organ donation.
PÍŠOVÁ, Barbora
This Bachelor degree work is focused on the issue of the nursing care for the cadaverous patient, on its specific features, on the knowledge of nurses and on their opinions of the transplantation program. Result of the work creates an information brochure which will serve as a guideline for all nurses of the Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation in Písek Hospital and it will help them to be quickly and well informed on the nursing care for the donors. The work is divided into two parts. In the first part there are stated legal regulations which run the transplantation process in the Czech Republic, next there are mentioned duties of the doctors from the donor hospital and examinations which are necessary for pronouncing the brain dead. The first part also describes activities of the coordination centre which is in charge of the process itself. Further, there is dealt with the ethic of the organ transplantation. The description of the nursing care for the donor with the beating heart forms a major part of the work. It involves the basic nursing and intensive care, specific examinations and documentation, doctors´ assistance and patients´ monitoring. For the second research part there were set two aims, which we tried to explain by means of interviews involving several groups of questions. Respondents were only nurses who have already had experience with the care for donors. The research questions were answered by means of the qualitative research investigation using the form of the semi-structure interview. The aims were supposed to map out the nursing care for donors from nurses´ point of view and to map out the nurses´ opinion of the donorship. The groups of questions concerned the specific features of the nursing care, nurses´ knowledge in this care and their opinion of the transplantation program. The research confirmed that this care has its specific characteristics, nurses have sufficient knowledge about the issue and they have mostly positive opinion of transplantation. On the basis of the research there was compiled a brief information brochure designed not only for beginning nurses. Students of medical branches can benefit from the work too.
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Důvody odporu legalizace trhu s lidskými orgány
Pavelková, Soňa ; Šťastný, Daniel (advisor) ; Hudík, Marek (referee)
This paper is aiming at finding out, whether the reasons of aversion to organ trade legalization are more a moral issue or the aversion is caused by people being uninformed or misinformed. Accordingly, a survey aimed at four target groups (medical professionals, students, patients and donors) was done in the Czech Republic. The results showed that the aversion is mostly caused by lack of information about the possibility of organ trade legalization, however moral issue seemed not to be a major problem for the legalization.
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Ethical problems in organ´s extraction towards transplantation
ESCOBAR CASTILLO, Javier Jesus
The present bachelor thesis is concerned with organ transplantation with the view to the associated ethic problems. The theoretical part consists of the introduction into the problems of this fast developing medical field, and refers to the legislative treatment of organ transplantation in the Czech Republic. The outlined transplantation process as a medical branch is the basis from which a number of social issues arise {--} issues related to morals, the law, and human relations and similar. The conclusion of the theoretical part formulates the aforesaid issues as the principal ethic problems: the subject of death, a consent or refusal with the post-mortem organ donation, organ trade and the selection of transplant candidates in the register. Moreover, the theoretical part compares different approaches to organ transplantations adopted in other countries, together with recommendations of the European Union. The thesis emphasizes the fact that to comprehend these sensitive ethic issues the public need to be informed, so the social consensus can be reached. The aim of the thesis is to determine the predispositions of the students of the Faculty of Health and Social Studies to donate organs, or their willingness to accept organs in the role of ill recipients. The adopted working hypotheses lay in such assumptions that on the one hand, students{\crq} approach to organ donation tends to be negative should they become donors; and, on the other hand, their approach is positive should they become recipients themselves. Another hypothesis assumed a certain lack of knowledge of the organ transplantation problems on the students{\crq} part, the fact of which renders the distribution of important information among the public virtually impossible. The research was conducted by means of questionnaires. The research results acquired from students were compared with the latest nationwide survey carried out by Factum Invenio, the marketing service company which is professionally concerned with such surveys. Needless to say, the abovementioned hypotheses were not confirmed by our research. On the contrary, the research ascertained high altruism and revealed a relatively good grasp of the organ transplant problems in most of the respondents. These facts are even more noticeable when compared with the nationwide research. Our research proved that students neither have ethic problems with the organ donation itself, nor with the ethically controversial and legislatively established strategy of obtaining organs: the strategy that saves human lives. Apparently, our respondents{\crq} moral standards of social justice are higher than those of the public as a whole. If our respondents spread their awareness of the problems among the public in concert with their viewpoints, they could contribute to the hope for a meaningful life with a transplanted organ of a diseased person on the waiting list.
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Prevention of diabetes I. type and health promotion, education of diabetics and patients after pancreas transplantation
MRÁZ, Marek
The bachelor theses attend to people with diabetes mellitus Type 1 and patients after pancreas transplantation. The first chapters of theoretical part deal with pancreas anatomy, matter of disorder, its medication, belated complications, movement and nutrition connected with diabetes. The last chapter of this part is about pancreas transplantation. The practical part shows importance of education and knowledge of diabetics. It deals with life quality of diabetics who undergo pancreas transplantation. It compares their health and mental condition during diabetes, before and after pancreas transplantation.
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