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Comparison dose distribution of conventional radiotherapy with the application of IMRT
FÁBERA, Michal
The bachelor thesis deals with examination of techniques used in radiotherapy, and comparison of dose distribution in PTV and critical organs for conventional radiotherapy and the intensity modulated radio therapy (IMRT).The main aim of the work was to summarize present therapeutic methods in radiotherapy and to compare dose distribution in conventional radiotherapy and application of the intensity modulated radio therapy.
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Analysis of deviations in the localization of radiation fields in the course of radiation by means of EPID in patients with tumours in head and neck
GRABMÜLLEROVÁ, Hana
Oncology diseases are serious and alarming problems in the world and our country, too. The most common ENT tumours affect larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. The factor which causes the occurrence of tumours is smoking. Chronic thermal excitation, pH changes of mucous membrane and vasoconstriction caused by nicotine can also participate in the occurrence of malign changes. Among other etiological factors belong: alcohol, U radiation, ionizing radiation, transport and industry exhalations, nutritional exhaustion, and immunodeficiency. Current treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, cytostatic chemotherapy, hormone therapy, bio therapy and their combinations. The prosperity of oncology patients is 22% by surgery, 18 % by radiotherapy and 5% by chemotherapy. Radio therapy remains the basic treatment of oncology diseases. According to the newest knowledge and requests its quality is ensured. The accuracy of radiation treatment and the increases in therapeutic results are developed. The risk of over dosing, which leads to the occurrence of many complications, and also the risk of under dosing, which decreases the chance of the complete cure, decline. Quality assurance is currently carried out on electronic portal image device EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging). The reason of permitted small deviation (0,3cm) in tumours of head and neck is the proximity of critical organs to the target volume and often small radiated volumes. The aim of the thesis was the analysis of the group of patients with the tumours of head and neck treated at oncology department in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. (Hospital in České Budějovice Inc.) by the form of portal evaluation. The hypothesis was average deviation 0,3cm in localization of radiated fields in the evaluated group. The analysis of deviations in localization of radiation fields in the course of radiation of evaluated group was carried out. The gained deviations were compared with the data in professional literature. The methodology included the characteristics of evaluated group of patients according to radiation posture, fixation of a patient, radiation technique, localization of tumour, the extent of disease TNM, patient´s age and sex-a man, a woman. The evaluation was carried out by means of EPID for particular radiation fields. Statistically, maximum, minimum and average deviation in localization of radiation fields was evaluated and the results were compared with the hypothesis by means of the test {$\psi$}2. The presupposed hypothesis was not proved. From the measured data it was found out that in practice acquired deviations are smaller than deviations presupposed by the hypothesis. The important part of radio therapeutic practice is the programme of Quality Assurance (QA). The results will serve the workers of radiation oncology in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. (Hospital in České Budějovice Inc.) for evaluation of radiotherapy quality in the tumours of head and neck.
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Role of the treatment verification system and verification generally in modern radiotherapy
TÁBORSKÁ, Hana
Radiotherapy is a complex process which involves the verification system, often underestimated by the user. The verification system can be used not only for the planning process of the patient{\crq}s exposure, but also for its setting and even for the setting of the irradiation device itself. Additionally, the verification system can set correctly the dose applied. The consistent verification both from the side of the radiological assistant and from the side of the software used is very important with respect to the patient safety, especially at present day, when new irradiation technologies are introduced and high curative doses are applied. Even a small mistake can cause fatal consequences. For this reason the verification system particularly operates independently without external interventions. It is the database based on the client/server information technology. In my bachelor thesis I should describe the classification, significance and necessity of the usage of the verification system and the verification procedures in the modern radiotherapy. The part of my bachelor thesis is also the statistical processing of offsets in the patient{\crq}s positions using the portal imaging and the accuracy of the dose applied using in-vivo dosimetry.
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Quality assurance system of radiotherapy in the composition of radiology assistant
URBÁNKOVÁ, Veronika
The aim of radiotherapy is the accurate direction of a radiation dose in the defined tumour volume with minimum damage of the health tissue. Development of modern radiotherapeutic equipment provides new therapeutic possibilities, but the excellent operation parameters cannot be fully utilized if there is not reached a high level of accuracy and reliability. This can be reached only by insertion of a programme of quality assurance in radiotherapy that includes not only monitoring of the predetermined quality indicators like e.g in vivo dosimetry and portal indication and further external and internal audits. The aim of this bachelor thesis is increase in quality of health care and safety treatment at departments and clinics of radiation oncology from the position of a radiology assistant. The thesis provides an integrated view of possible methods which can be used as the quality indicators of performed care. Here acquired information can serve as knowledge completion for the existing radiology assistants as well as for new staff training.
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The analysis of aberrations in the localization of the radiated fields during irradiation of the patients with rectum tumors by EPID method
HARTMANOVÁ, Magda
The presented thesis deals with the analysis of deviations in radiation fields during the irradiation of the patients with rectal tumors. The first part of the thesis is focused on the current problems connected with rectal and rectosigmoid cancer both in the Czech Republic and worldwide. It also includes the description of risk factors, characterisation of the given type oftumor, manifestation of the disease as well as the prognosis. What is also tackled is the prevention, which is important and often neglected.It was necessary to mention the possibilities of screening and dispensarisation programs. The next part deals with the diagnostic process (from anamnesis to specialised examinations) as well as the therapy. Chemotherapy and surgery are mentioned only marginally whereas radiotherapy, including its planning and methods, is dealt with in a more detailed way. The main part consists of the analysis of deviations in radiation fields. The deviations have been obtained by means of EPID (electron portal image device) in a sample of patients with rectal and rectosigmoid cancer who are treated with the use of radiotherapy at the oncological ward of the Hospital České Budějovice, Inc. The maximum, minimum and average deviation in the localization of radiation fields were assessed statistically, by means of the khi-quadrate test. The results obtained will be submitted to the oncological ward of the Hospital České Budějovice, Inc., where they can contribute to the assessment of radiotherapy quality. The thesis includes supplements such as portal images and tables with graphs indicating the development of the incidence and mortality for the chosen diagnosis within the entire population.
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The role of simulator from the radiotherapist´s point of view
JANOUŠKOVÁ, Vladimíra
The thesis includes description of daily tests of operational stability that are carried out by radiotherapist. It offers newly created chapter Software Acuity for needs of radiotherapist. To fulfil valid regulations, the radiotherapist should follow local standards for individual procedure. Proposal of such standards is a part of the thesis. The thesis should help radiotherapist to master the operation with simulator Acuity on required level.
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Radiotherapy of non-malignant diseases
PUNDA, Ondřej
The treatment of non-malignant diseases has grown in last years about tens of percents and puts on the importants again, which had this method of treatment in first half of the 20th century. This essay summaries all parts of radiotherapy of non-malignant diseases {--} history, sources of radiation, technical requirements, indications, contraindications, radiobiological preconditions, rules of radiotherapy and enumerates the list of non-malignant diseases. To the text are inserted tables of values recommended by European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO).
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Radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer
JANDOVÁ, Anna
The trude annual incidence of prostate vandr is the most common caver in men. Subclinikal prostate cancer is common in men >50 years. Screening of healty men using prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing increases the incidence and lead to overdiagnosis. The effect of screening and early intervention on mortality is not knot and cannot corrently recommended.
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Radiation therapy of non-melanoma-type skin tumors
MENCLOVÁ, Lucie
Skin tumors of non-melanoma type (particularly basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer) include a large and important group of malignant lesions. Their incidence in human population has been steadily increasing. The current treatment modalities include surgical excision and radiation therapy. The advantages of radiation include the ease of application, pain-free administration and excellent cosmetic result. The goal of radiotherapy is a homogeneous dose distribution in the entire volume of target tissue. This distribution is affected by a choice of particular radiation criteria, which are individually selected for each patient undergoing radiation. The choice of a particular technique of radiation is affected by a number of factors such as microscopic findings, tumor localization, TNM classification, etc. Analysis of data collected in a group of patients treated by radiation at the Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology FNKV during the period from 2001 to 2006 showed, that there has been a steady rise in incidence of these non-melanoma skin tumors. This confirms the importance of this topic.
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