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Comparison of inhabitants readiness from emergency planning zones Nuclear power plant Dukovany (Czech Republic) and Jaslovské Bohunice (Slovakia) in the area of population protection including influence of population differentiation
KOLÁŘ, Jiří
Superior readiness of the inhabitants for the emergency situation caused by radiation accident is a very important condition for managing these situations, further for trouble-free adoption of measures related to the protection of life and health for each individual. Persons should be conscious of the hazard of emergency situations and within oneself be prepared to help themselves and each other. The objective of this master thesis is to examine the readiness of the inhabitants of the emergency planning zones of the Nuclear power plants in Czech Republic (Dukovany NPP) and in Slovakia (Jaslovské Bohunice NPP) to the emergency situation and to assess, if the readiness in both countries differs. The Nuclear power plants in Dukovany and in Jaslovské Bohunice were chosen for the particular reason, that both facilities were constructed and put into operation at the time of existence of the common state of Czech and Slovaks. The starting point is a working thesis that the readiness of the inhabitants for managing the emergency situation in the planning zones of the Nuclear power plants in Czech Republic and in Slovakia was on the same level. Considering the population differentiation, I analysed separately the answers of respondents in the age group of the 4165 year old. Theoretical part of my thesis initially focuses on the historical development of Nuclear power plants on the territory of the former Czechoslovakia and deals with the advantages and disadvantages of the production of electricity in a fission reaction. The other part deals with safety and operational security of the Nuclear power plants. Here is mentioned the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, including the examples of nuclear facilities accidents. At the conclusion of the theoretical part is a survey of legislative regulations concerning the nuclear safety and protection of the population in both countries and a survey of measures concerning protection of the population in the event of radiation accident. The experimental part of my thesis started in form of questionnaire inquiry by the inhabitants of both emergence planning zones. Half of the 16 questions in total is analysed by the means of descriptive and mathematical statistics, the answers to the other questions refer to behavior, informedness, readiness and differing needs of individuals in case of emergency shelter in place or evacuation from the actual occurrence of radiation accident. The hypothesis was verified by applying the two-selective parametric testing. By means of the t-test it could be proved, that there is no statistically significant difference between the inhabitants readiness in the both emergence planning zones. The hypothesis was therefore accepted. By applying the chi-square test it was elicited, that the empirical distribution of both selective statistical sets can by replaced by a normal distribution, both empirical curves can by therefore replaced by a Gauss curve. This partial research focuses on the age group of the 41-65 year old. Also in this case could be proved by means of chi-square test the normality of both statistical sets. Also the application of two-selective parametric testing approved, that the readiness of the population of the age group under investigation do not vary in the both zones. The particular answers were recorded graphically and in the following discussion were commented the differences and specifics with regard to the differing knowledge, behavior and specific requirements of the people in case of evacuation. In context of the results measured in the particular zones of accident planning it could be useful to consider, if in place of the normal distribution of readiness not another for example the Poisson distribution - would be more suitable, that could possibly testify better readiness for emergency accidents. Very important role plays enlightenment and education in such form that will arouse interest in the given problems in the population.
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The statistical investigation of selected tasks in protection of the population in emergency planning zones of nuclear power plants
HAJÍČKOVÁ, Iva
The thesis deals with statistical investigation of selected tasks in population protection in emergency planning zones of nuclear power plants.The issues of population protection have been developing since 1930s up to now.Currently,the population protection is addressed particularly in concepts of population protection,while the most recent one is the Population Protection Concept until 2020 with an Outlook to 2030.The objective of the thesis was to compare awareness of the population in emergency planning zones of nuclear power plants.With regard to a potential extraordinary event,in this case a radiation accident,the awareness of the population plays a significant role.The theoretical part of the thesis analyzes population protection,legal regulations and documents dealing with this topic.It also defines measures in population protection which seek to mitigate impact of extraordinary events or emergency situations on health and lives of the population,property and the environment.The thesis also mentions emergency planning and describes types of emergency plans.The second section of the theoretical part describes selected statistical methods.The last chapter of the theoretical part describes methods of multidimensional statistics.The following hypotheses and partial hypotheses were formulated in the research part of the thesis to meet its objective: H1 There is no statistically significant difference between the emergency planning zone of the nuclear power plant Temelín and the emergency planning zone of the nuclear power plant Dukovany.H11 There is no statistically significant difference in awareness among men about a potential extraordinary event at NPP Temelín and NPP Dukovany.H12 There is no statistically significant difference in awareness among women about a potential extraordinary event at NPP Temelín and NPP Dukovany. H2 The awareness of the population in emergency planning zones of both the nuclear power plants has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H21 The awareness of the population (men) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Temelín has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H22 The awareness of the population (women) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Temelín has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H23 The awareness of the population (men) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Dukovany has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.H24 The awareness of the population (women) in the emergency planning zone of NPP Dukovany has a theoretical distribution which is close to the normal distribution.All the formulated hypotheses were tested with methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics. The research was conducted with questionnaires handed out in the emergency planning zones of NPP Temelín and NPP Dukovany.The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions and it was filled out by 242 men and 270 women in the zones.All data used in the research were provided to me within the project "Population protection depending of differentiation of the population" safety survey (VG20132015122) performed at the department of radiology,toxicology and population protection at the Faculty of Health and Social Studies at the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice in cooperation with the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic.Results of the research have shown that the average awareness of the population living in the emergency planning zones of the nuclear power plants is less than 50% and that the knowledge of the population about a potential extraordinary event is not satisfactory.The population living in emergency planning zones of both the nuclear power plants could be exceptionally prepared for a potential non-standard situation, not only in the form of a Gauss curve.
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The power outages in the hospital Jihlava.
CHVÁTALOVÁ, Jana
Health - without a doubt - is one of the most precious gifts and it is one of the most important values for each of us. The human body fascinates humanity throughout its existence. Since the beginning of the first medicinal extracts to modern robotic surgery, people strive for the same - to prevent diseases, full recovery of health or to bring closer this state. The whole developed society is interested in our good health. It is necessary to ensure the functional part of the infrastructure, so called critical infrastructure. Unplanned power blackout can have disastrous consequences not only for the patients. Plenty of electrical energy is required for the functioning of hospital. The electrical network in the hospital is very fragile. It is necessary to have alternative sources of electricity in hospital. For each hospital is a priority ability to reliably protect the power grid to avoid damaging consequences of its lack. This thesis entitled "Power blackout in Jihlava hospital" focuses on the question of emergency unscheduled power blackout Hospital Jihlava, also explains the basic concepts related to this topic and describes the functioning of the hospital equipment. The theoretical part consists of several chapters which provide basic information about electricity, the electricity grid, power plants, transmission and distribution systems, principles and functioning of the hospital. There is clear description of the Maslow's pyramid of human needs, in this part is also explanation of the term "blackout" and the incidence of several serious blackouts of electricity in the Czech Republic and worldwide, experience with them and their impact on human society. The practical part is the basic characteristic of Hospital Jihlava, location of alternative sources - diesel power generators, a description of the various sources of electric power, their function and principle of functioning of Hospital Jihlava. The whole research theoretically examined the readiness Hospital Jihlava to power blackout. The basic method of investigation was to collect data that was obtained through a guided interview with the responsible employees, their answers were transcribed into text and then were analyzed risks identified by the method KARS, in order to investigate the size of the impact of the crisis situation on patients. It is assumed that it is sufficiently adequate protection against failure of the power system, that could at power interruptions, endanger patients, staff, expensive diagnostic and surgical instruments actually overall functioning of this important institution. Based on the investigation was identified the need to inform the public, staff, patients and top management. Technicians may well ensure the functioning of important machinery and equipment. Equally important is understanding of this issue by medical staff to be well versed in an emergency situation quickly. The behavior and conduct of staff could help manage the situation without major problems and reduce imminent risk of impact on patiens and expensive instrumentation to a minimum. Also for this purpose could serve the results of this work. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the effects of a power blackout at the Hospital Jihlava on patients and suggest possible measures. The results of the survey show that a sudden power outage Hospital Jihlava presents a serious threat to its functionality, for this reason, in the final part of my thesis are presented the final recommendations, which can not only reduce the risk of impact on patients.
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Means of population protection against chemical hazards during emergency situations
MRÁZKOVÁ, Silvie
This diploma thesis deals with the methods of population protection from hazardous chemicals in the event of an emergency situation. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of legislation that governs hazardous chemicals and it pays special attention to the risks related to the transportation of hazardous chemicals and their subsequent leakage. The thesis describes selected hazardous chemicals and informs of accidents that have happened recently. It is also pays attention to warnings, evacuation, providing shelter and the means of improvised protection, which is the most important factor for common public. People meet tanker cars transporting chemicals everywhere and every day; therefore, the protection of population should be aimed in this direction. People often do not know how to behave in situations like this. A questionnaire was compiled for research in the practical part; the questionnaire was intended to find out about the level of knowledge among people. Through the evaluation of population informedness and based on the questionnaire results, a suitable form of education was proposed to fill a gap in the knowledge (a pocket guide). At the same time, the questionnaires were distributed among the staff of the Fire and Rescue System with the aim of confirming their preparedness as well. The preparedness of the Fire and Rescue System is also documented by the analysis of photographs from a tactical drill aimed at a leakage of a hazardous chemical during transport.
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"Selected tasks of fire fighting units in protection of the population"
NOSEK, Martin
The objective of this bachelor thesis was to analyze tasks and activities of fire fighting units with a focus on activities in civil defense and protection of the population. The thesis also assessed preparedness and equipment of the fire fighting units. Using a questionnaire survey the thesis investigated the level of knowledge of commanders of voluntary fire brigades in municipalities in the field of civil defense and protection of the population. Recent experience from management of extraordinary events, particularly windstorms and floods, has shown the need to have well-prepared and organized teams available so that they can fulfill specific tasks in civil defense and protection of the population. The organized, but not completely prepared, teams include the voluntary fire brigades in the municipalities. In the introduction to the theoretical part of the bachelor thesis the author provides a historical overview of protection of the population in this country´s conditions, as well as identification of potential risks and extraordinary events which might occur. The thesis also lists types of fire fighting units and their categorization for blanket coverage. The thesis analyzes basic tasks of fire fighting units in the field of civil defense and protection of the population in agreement with Section (§) 30 of the Decree No.247/2001 Coll. For some of those tasks the thesis lists the equipment of professional units in the district of České Budějovice for their performance. At the end of the theoretical part the author analyzes the situation of voluntary fire brigades in the municipalities. The practical part investigated the level of knowledge of commanders of voluntary fire brigades in the municipalities by means of a questionnaire survey. In the discussion the author analyzed the individual questions from the questionnaire. The bachelor thesis concludes that it is necessary to further deepen the knowledge of members of voluntary fire brigades in the municipalities in the field of protection of the population, by means of periodic trainings. The conclusions of this thesis will be used by the Fire Rescue Brigade of the South Bohemian region in the training of commanders of voluntary fire brigades in the municipalities.
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Measures to civil protection in flood in selected municipalities of South Bohemian Region and the Pardubice Region.
PAULUS, František
Floods are now a topic discussed more and more frequently, requiring to be paid appropriate attention. Any activities carried out before floods occur, when they are being coped with, and after they recede, should be aimed above all at minimising the casualties and injuries. The diploma thesis analyses the measures taken to protect the population against floods in a selected sample of communities in the Pardubice Region and the South Bohemian Region. Readiness of the communities has been identified unambiguously under the conditions defined advance with a stress on the parameters observed. The analysis of the selected parts of the flood plans evaluates how the communities are ready to provide the population with protection if a flood occurs. In addition to a theoretical excursion to a specific field of the population protection applied in the environment of floods, the wide connections of its inclusion in the security system are also mentioned. The practical part deals with and analyses selected communities from the viewpoint of their readiness to take measures for protection of the population during the period of floods and from the viewpoint of their overall preparedness under the defined conditions. An index of readiness of the communities formulated with use of the operational analysis has been fixed for the purposes of an unambiguous identification. The index has been defined on the basis of monitoring clearly specified parameters formulated depending on the outputs from the legislative process and relevant standards. After the results have been processed and the conclusions have been made, the readiness of the selected communities to deal with floods, under precisely defined conditions, may be referred to as insufficient. The findings in the diploma thesis should be reflected by relevant flood-protection bodies. Use of the operation analysis methods and their applications also out of the field of the critical infrastructure are an added value of the thesis as well.
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The Integrated Rescue System Activity and the Protection of the Public from a Possible Importation of Highly Contagious Diseases into the Czech Republic by Air Transfer
TOUSECKÝ, Peter
At present time of modern worldwide tourism using air transport, the risk of spreading an infectious disease in the Czech Republic cannot be underestimated. Air transport has become quite common way of travelling for Czech citizens so the travel time has shortened significantly. From this viewpoint Czech residents are at potential hazard of highly infectious diseases (HID). This Diploma thesis deals with biological agents which are divided into four risk groups on the basis of patogenes, a hazard to the staff and possible treatment and prophylaxis. Each of the groups requires different level of protection against the infection and its spread. The groups are graded from 1 to 4, i.e. BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL{--}3 and BSL{--}4. Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) poses a high individual risk of life-threatening diseases where no prevention and treatment are available. This group includes various viral hemorrhanic fevers (VHF) accompanied by heavy tissue bleeding which can be caused by philoviruses, arenaviruses, buniaviruses and flaviviruses. These virus families include viruses like Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Junin (Argentine VHF), Machupo (Bolivian VHF), Sabia (Brazilian VHF), Guanarito (Venezuelan VHF), Rift Halley fever, Hanta virus, Variola virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and others. Even the hazard of BSL-3 biological agents with, in history well-known, Bacillus anthracis should not be ignored. The hazard of highly infectious diseases (HID) related to tourism consists in the incubation period. Tourists are infected during their stay abroad and on their way back to the Czech Republic the disease is highly developed. The HID transmission to other people confined in the space of the plane is then very simple. The attention is also paid to the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus which showed the possible ways of infection identification and population protection in the Czech Republic together with all subsequent effects.
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System arrangement civil protection as part of municipality
PIKSA, Libor
This work is focused on questions concerning the foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment as a part of municipalities. The Civil Protection Establishment is one of the tools to fulfil tasks stated by law in the field of population protection. In spite of the fact that there is possibility to found and run the Civil Protection Establishment this possibility is used very rarely by a organizer. The presented bachelor work deals with the population protection in the Czech Republic and describes the system of organization of the population protection in some European countries. In the case of the Czech Republic there are described mainly tasks of municipalities in the field of the population protection, especially then the foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment. Main attention is focused on the way of realization of the Population Protection Institute. For the bachelor work processing two hypotheses were stated, these were:`` For foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment it is convenient to use the members of Voluntary Fire Rescue Service in municipality`` and {\clq}q For foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment it is convenient to conclude agreements between another legal entity or physical entity``. Purpose of the presented bachelor work is to give complete survey about ways of foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment in the Czech Republic including the solution proposal of this task. Provide results of the work to the Fire Rescue Service in the South Bohemia Region as basis for planning in the field of foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment on the territory of the South Bohemia Region. In the conclusion of the bachelor work some problems are pointed out that can possibly arise in the process of foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment including solution proposals of these problems. On the base of evaluation of found facts the first hypotheses was prefered, it means that for foundation of the Civil Protection Establishment it is convenient to use members of Voluntary Fire Rescue Service.
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Position and Tasks of Population Protection included in the Integrated Rescue System
PICEK, Vladimír
The present bachelor's thesis aims at finding out the state of knowledge of the general public, various age groups or obtained training of the Czech inhabitants in what to do in an emergency situation when lives, health or property of people is in threat or the environment, and it does so using a questionnaire survey. It also aims at making the general public familiar with the position of the population protection, tasks and measures of the Integrated Rescue System corpses, general recommendations when we find ourselves in any emergency situation, or an extraordinary situation The results of the bachelor's thesis will be used by the Fire and Rescue Brigade of the South-Bohemian Region, presenting and introducing population protection and the Integrated Rescue System to the general public. For meeting the objectives and proving the hypothesis I used an anonymous questionnaire which makes up a part of the bachelor's thesis and the aim of which was to find out and to question knowledge of the general public in the area of population protection. At present, the population protection in the Czech Republic is at a good European level, but we still need to speak with our neighbours, we live in a hectic way and we lack energy for a friendly neighbourly relationship, or even organizing and solving problems despite the fact that there are still few emergency situations, but we cannot exclude that it will not change in the future. That is why it is very important that if an emergency situation happens, the general public learn about it in time and they get professional or practical training rather than depending on decisions made at the place of intervention.
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Provision of population protection during solving an emergency caused by bulk poultry infection
JIRÁSKOVÁ, Erika
For my bachelor work I have chosen a theme called "Insuring Protection of Inhabitants during Solving Major Incident Caused by Mass Infection in Poultry". Recently the problems connected with aviation influenza have occurred more and more especially the subtype called H5N1. Outbreak of bird flu started in the areas of south-east Asia and for a common European it was a rare and remote disease. In a short period of time the infection spread and crossed the borders of continents and in spring 2006 this dangerous pandemic also occurred in the Czech Republic. Knowledge concerning characters of influenza virus and possibilities of its unpredictable genome are still inefficient and it is known very little about genetic fund of influenza virus and its replication cycle in the nature. Therefore even after some experience it is not known how pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus capable of human-to-human spread develop from many different subtypes which pass among poultry and is able to be deadly not only for large-scale breeding but also for humans. It is also more than necessary to remind general public of basic aspects concerning the outbreak and spread of this disease including other possible impacts in case that virus H5N1 occurs in the Czech Republic and transmits to humans. Nowadays there have been structures of particular measures in form of legislative regulations created. Emergency planning should get big space and attention as it will be used as a basis for all parts which participate and will participate in solving and implementation in case of major incident caused by mass infection in poultry. In spite of developing research, improvement and progress of new technologies, application of the most modern methods and systems, there will still exist a danger of possible outbreak and spread of pandemic infections. The spread can not be prevented, however, the impact should be minimized out of consideration for protection of inhabitants and the environment. To achieve this goal special attention is paid to readiness in form of training programmes and emergency exercises of Emergency Service in cooperation with Regional Health Authority. That is the reason why there is a survey included in this work which shows how inhabitants are informed and ready in case of major incident caused by virus H5N1.
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