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Development of dentition in the x-ray image
STOKLASOVÁ, Martina
The topic of the bachelor thesis is to compare the quality of analogic and digital orthopantomograms. The accuracy and legibility of these x-ray photos is assessed via teeth dental age in different areas of mixed dentition at ten-year old children. Further, the thesis analyses the most commont mistakes made when orthopantomogram is taken. In the theoretic part of the thesis the anatomy is described, the development of teeth and teeth marking. Next, the thesis focuses on dental age assessing at grown ups and its methods. Further, the theoretical part describes in detail x-ray machines and techniques in stomatology. The x-ray photos of children and their preparation is a special part of the thesis. The practical part of the thesis formulates goals and research questions. A file and a metodology, which are used in the research are descibed. The dental age is assessed according to a method proposed by Kominek and Rozkovcova, 1984. This method lies in compartmentalization of a developing dental germ of 7 developing stages corresponging with a specific age period. A permanent and a temporary dentures are assessed in schemes and tables and devided according to the development stage of a child. The research of the thesis lied in assessing and comparing of dental age within a file of 100 children with mixed dentition at the age of ten years. The file comprised 50 randomly chosen analogic photos and 50 digital photos. Further, technical mistakes at the photos and the their reasons were assessed and analyzed. The thesis descibes examples of assessing both of analogic photos and digital photos and the mistakes which inable the dentition development assessing. Its clear that digital photos is more accurate and of a higher quality. Thus, its suprising how many mistakes were found on the chosen photos. From today's point of view, analogic photos are a past. Analogic photos showed frequent flaws in quality, such as insufficiant photos development causing artefacts, over- and underlighting, insufficiant settling on the photos. A disadvantage of this way of development were also huge area demands for development of an analogic photos and the necessity of storing of chemicals and films. Paradoxically, in the results of the thesis more mistakes were found on digital rather than on analogic photos in a random choice, which seems a serious problem to me because modern digital methods cannot be compared to history photos as far as their technical possibilities are concerned. When assesing the accuracy of results of the dental age of children, we can find out how many photos can be assessed and how many not. On 20 randomly chosen digital and 20 analogical photos an analysis of the most common mistakes in orthopantomographs was carried out. For the analysis of the mistakes on the photos a frontal part of the denture was chosen, which is the area of the cutters where the most mistakes were cause by incorrect setting of the children's head in the x-ray machine. On 20 analogical photos, 35% of the children were placed in the machine incorrectly, on 20 digital photos the result was 25% of the children. When comparing analogical and digital photos, no difference was found when assessing the dental age. The discussion shows the importance of making orthopantomograph in a high quality at children in the period of denture change and the most common mistakes are commented on. In conclusion, the problematics of orthopantomograph making was summed up, where the most common flaws when making x-ray photos at children were pointed out. These flaws lead to diagnostic inaccuracies. The importance of correct placing of the child when x-ray making was stressed, which was not adhered to at 55% of the children patients whose photos I assessed. This fact is to be taken very seriously because it is an invasive checkup.
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Orthopantomography
MARUŠÁKOVÁ, Lucie
Orthopantomography is non-invasive X-ray examination, belonging nowadays to the standard methods for the examination of the dentition. Include orthopntomography to the examination of first choice for a good availability and an accetable radiation burden due to the actuac yield. Orthopantomogram it is "only" a 3D image cenverted into a 2D display, but it brings a large amount of information about the condition of the teeth and adjacent structures. One slide just to the doctor a could decide on the diagnosis, treatment, or directing to other departments. The basis of the general part is the definition of orthopantomography, the description of the principle of the method. Furthermore, the work contains a detailed anatomical description of the tooth, the specifics of the orientation of lines and planes for the mouth cavity. There are mentioned different types of OPG devices. There are listed the advantages and disadvantages, or limitations of orthopantomography. The next part of the thesis deals with the actual OPG examination. Describes the briefing of the patient with regard to his age and abilitie, preparation of the patient before X-ray. Very carefully is in this chapter discussed the formation of individual artifacts and shadows, the possibility of their affecting or not affecting. The basis of practical part for the research data collected from two OPG workplaces within three years. First separate the workplace provides an examination for nearly 60 dental ambulances. The second workplace is part and imposing shadows, examination of the OPG carried out for the 13 dental ambulances. You can therefore judge, that the total volume of examination will be the workplacec of incomparable. If we comparare, however, in different age groups, we can approach the similarities of the two sites. All the data are sorted and further processed. From prepared tables and graphs can be read the number of examination in individual months and weeks. Followed by the classification of individual patients by date of birth, inclusion in the relevant age category. By comparing both sites ( also after the data are reduced by patients for orthodontics) by age groups is found to be similar are not. The results made by the study will serve as a basis for further statistical processing. The information from the theoretical introdudtion to the work, it is possible to use as study material for increasing the education of radiology assistants.
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