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Vyhodnocení používání antibiotik ve vybraných chovech celkem a ve vztahu k jednotlivým druhům a kategoriím zvířat
SVÁČKOVÁ, Marie
The thesis deals with the topic of connections between livestock health and the ne-cessity of using antimicrobial agents in breeding. The aim of the thesis was to obtain basic data and formulate knowledge about the use of antibiotics in selected breeding in total and in relation to individual species and categories of animals. In the theoretical part, basic concepts such as animal welfare, biosecurity in bree-ding are explained. Antimicrobials, disease agents and resistance of pathogens to treatment are defined. I mapped and assessed the use of antibiotics in selected bree-ding in total and in relation to individual categories of animals. In the practical part, the results focused on the use of antibiotics for the treatment of selected categories of animals and evaluation of the frequency of their application in specific breeding. Next, I evaluate the most frequently treated categories of indi-vidual animal species and the reasons for using antimicrobials for treatment. The results show that in selected cattle breeding the most used antibiotics are cepha-losporins and sulphonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines; from other antimicrobial agents antiparasitics. Also, the presence of multiresistant bacteria was detected in selected cattle breeds, specifically in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases.
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Vyhodnocení růstu a zdravotního stavu telat v závislosti na různých chovatelských podmínkách
DUŠEK, Jan
The goal of every livestock farmer should be a viable, well-growing healthy calf that passes on its genetic information to future generations. This thesis deals with the impact of growth and health of calves depending on the selected breeding technology in chosen farm of Holstein cattle. The aim was to compare various ways of housing calves in operating conditions. The chosen hypothesis predicts to achieve better results of calves housed in an individual system (VIB) compared to a group system (VSB). In 2020 a group of calves (n 41), divided evenly into various housing systems (individual /group), was monitored in the selected farm. The experiment lasted from the birth to the 85th day. Based on the results of the experiment, the calves of both observed groups received quality colostrum (average value of 26.17 % Brix) in the sufficient amount (average amount at the first drink 3.45 l). Calves are not weighed at birth in this farm (calves are assigned a value of 30 kg, regardless of sex). The average measured birth weight was 38.4 kg. It would be good to adjust this value in the in-house system to reflect reality better. On the basis of the results of observations, the original hypothesis can be rejected. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of calves when compared. It is not possible to confirm / exclude the degree of susceptibility of individual groups of calves to infectious pressures and diseases objectively (statistically) due to a small number of observations. Diarrheal diseases were more serious problem. These diseases occurred most in calves up to one month of their age, with a disease prevalence of 25 % and an average mortality of 7,4 %. No statistically significant difference was found when weight gains were compared. Weaned calves of the VIB housing system showed higher profitability, on average CZK 313 per calf, CZK 2.92 per kg of weight gain. From the point of view of animal welfare, there were problems with scraped backs of the calves housed in plastic sheds (Calf - Tel) because of their height at the shoulder. These sheds had a low entryway (95 cm). In the farm, the milk fed calves are fed from free surface; the teats are not used here. It would be worth considering and testing whether a change of a calf feeding method had a positive effect on the prevalence of diarrheal diseases. This could lead not only to a reduction in costs of potential veterinary care and medicine, but also to an increase in weight gain and thus to higher economic yields.
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Změny v prostorové diferenciace chovu dobytka v České republice po roce 1990
Martinát, Stanislav
The article deals with an issue of spatial differentiation of livestock breeding in the Czech Republic after 1990. These activities are studied from the geographical point of view in relation with transition from the centrally planned economy to the market economy with regard to the development after country’s accession to the EU. The first part is concerned with changes during the period 1990 – 2001, when districts are assessed as basic units. In this part a special attention is paid to the changes in districts with predominantly mountainous and sub-mountainous natural conditions. In the second part, dealing with the period 2001 – 2005, regions are basic spatial units. The last part analyses the changes in spatial distribution of livestock during the whole period under consideration and a future development of livestock breeding is discussed.
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