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Modern radiotherapeutic treatment of lung tumors
ŽÁKOVÁ, Klára
In its theoretical part, the bachelor's thesis describes the anatomy of the respiratory system, the types of lung cancers, their symptoms, risk factors and possible treatment. It mainly focuses on lung radiotherapy itself and lung irradiation techniques with regard to the current technical possibilities of radiotherapy. The practical part is represented by the analysis of data from a questionnaire survey examining, in particular, the frequency of the presence of risk factors in patients with lung cancer treated at the RTO of the České Budějovice Hospital. The research part was treatment by questionnaire, the group of patients consisted of a total of 60 respondents. The obtained data were subsequently evaluated with MS Excel tools. In addition to the presence of smoking as the main risk factor, attention was also paid to other risk factors, e.g. occupational stress, general lifestyle or long-term residence in areas with increased radon content in the subsoil. The results confirmed that long-term tobacco smoking remains the most represented risk factor. The processing of answers from the questionnaire also ensures the assumption that a non-negligible risk is also a long-term stay in areas with an increased radon index. The bachelor's thesis can serve as a comprehensive study material for future radiology assistants as an overview of modern lung cancer radiation treatment. But it can also be used in professional articles in magazines, or be a source of information for those interested in this topic.
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Current trends in radiotherapy of brain tumors
BĚHAN, Daniel
The bachelor thesis deals with modern radiotherapeutic treatment of brain tumors. The theoretical part is devoted to the classification of these types of tumors, the effects of radiation on the cell, the side effects of radiotherapy, fractionation schemes, treatment planning and the combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy. The main goal of the bachelor's thesis was to compare the number of patients at three selected workplaces, namely gammaknife, tomotherapy and linear accelerator. Out of the total number of 3500 patients irradiated on gammaknife during the years 2019-2021, 3024 patients underwent treatment of primary and secondary tumors, the rest of the irradiated patients represent non-tumor irradiation of vascular, functional and ocular disorders, thus 14% of the total number of treated patients. The analysis of the collected data showed an increase in the number of treated patients in 2020. The cause of this could theoretically be installation of a new type of Gamma Knife Icon, which took place in November 2019. After calculating the correlation analysis, it was found that the numbers of patients do not correlate with the installation of a new device. Data obtained from patients irradiated on tomotherapy pointed to the fact that the tomotherapeutic device is used in the treatment of brain tumors only in a small percentage (4 % of treated patients) and it is used more for the treatment of other malignancies. The number of patients with brain cancer irradiated on a linear accelerator was about 7 % of all patients. The most common cause of brain lesions was distant metastases of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, which is confirmed by information obtained from the literature, which states that lung cancer is the most common metastatic tumor to the brain. Glioblastoma multiforme was the most common group of primary tumors. The last goal for the elaboration of the bachelor's thesis was a more detailed description of the construction of the irradiation pavilion and the installation of the newly purchased and currently the most modern radiotherapy device CyberKnife at the ÚVN in Prague.
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Stereotactic body raditherapy (SBRT)
REICHLOVÁ, Kristýna
The topic of this bachelor thesis is stereotactic body radiotherapy. SBRT is one of the most modern methods of treating localized tumor lesions. High doses of ionizing radiation and a small number of irradiated fractions are used when it is applicated. It can be implemented on specialized irradiation devices, e.g., on modern linear accelerators (Tomotherapy, True Beam) or on a cybernetic linear accelerator (Cyberknife). It is a non-invasive, short-term and very effective treatment replacing surgery. Intensive image verification of the target volume is necessary for its application, either in form of active monitoring of tumor movement during irradiation, using 4D radiotherapy methods or CT verification. The bachelor thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes mainly selected facts about ionizing radiation, processes taking place in irradiated tissue, presents the SBRT method, its principles, indications for extracranial stereotaxy, instrumentation, fixation aids and possible side effects and complications of this treatment. The main part of the practical part was to find out the level of awareness of radiological assistants about the principles, variants of indications of extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy. It is implemented in the form of a questionnaire which was filled in by a total of 79 respondents and the results showed that the level of awareness of radiological assistants actively practicing this profession is very good. The second goal of the practical part was to answer the question why the method of extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy is not used more often based on the study of literature. This is due to the lower number of devices on which this irradiation can be performed but also to the condition of a small or medium extent of the disease and partly time-consuming of this technique. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is the most accurate telotherapeutic method of irradiation in oncology. With its non-invasive, patient comfort, excellent application accuracy and very good results it forms the future of radiation therapy.
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