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Compliance with the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols in armed conflict since 1990.
ČERMÁKOVÁ, Irena
The armed conflicts to humanity for centuries. Almost always the reason for armed conflict dominion over certain territories. If we focus on armed conflicts closest to us history, it is clear that these include first and second World War. These two wars have caused thousands of deaths on all sides and great hardship of the civilian population. After World War II it seemed that the end of armed conflicts. Nevertheless, followed by the war in Korea or Vietnam, where once again innocent civilians died. But this is more than fifty years of history. Unfortunately, the armed conflict is still repeated, and since 1990 there were more than a hundred and twenty. Although not a war of such magnitude, which is involved in the entire world, but they have also been responsible for hundreds of deaths. The trend of conflict after the Cold War is undoubtedly the killing of civilians. Unfortunately, the loss ratio for the armed forces and civilians dramatically changed. Particularly in Africa are relatively small losses on fighting units. But civilians are dying by the hundreds of thousands. Reasons for armed conflict after the Cold War are different. In most cases, however, it is the territory and related ethnic cleansing, or wealth, which are eg. in Africa diamonds. The purpose of my thesis was draw attention to the constant threats to fundamental human rights in armed conflicts are totally ignored. The theoretical part describes international humanitarian law, which should be the basis for armed conflict. And describes the basic principles of international humanitarian law and the types of armed conflict under international humanitarian law. The theoretical part also describes some of the articles of the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols to the armed conflict since 1990 are the most commonly used and are very serious. Due to the number of armed conflicts since 1990, which was more than 120, is shown in the work of ten selected armed conflicts. In selected conflicts are described various war crimes that were committed against the civilian population. These crimes are similar in countries that are a common culture or mentality. In African countries is the same crimes. The difference is mostly in scale committing these war crimes. The same is true even in the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. In this thesis were consumed interviews with some participants armed conflicts, which greatly helps us to better understand the war crimes that were committed during the armed conflict. Processing and evaluation of the results was done in MS Word and MS Excel.
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Effectiveness and limits of protection of civilians in the context of humanitarian crises: Haiti Case Study
Svobodová, Valérie ; Peterková, Jana (advisor) ; Knotková, Vladimíra (referee)
The main intention of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of the protection of civilians in the context of humanitarian crises. The first part provides theoretical definition of the protection of civilians and its legal underpinnings. The roles of individual actors such as the state and its agencies, UN peacekeeping missions, cluster system, non govermental organisations and civil society itself are being defined. The paper futher focuses on the prevention in humanitarian crises, especially on the principles of peacekeeping, human security and gender. The second part consists of a case study of Haiti in the context of the 2010 devastating earthquake and the ensuing humanitarian crisis. First it discusses the impact of the earthquake on the infrastructure, environment, government, economy and education as well as its consequences for the civilians themselves. The impact of the earthquake is compared with the priorities of the state, as seen after the earthquake. Response to the earthquake is cathegorized as national and international, each of which has its specific characteristics and is based on different prior and post disaster conditions. Specific groups of civilians - minors and civilians affected by gender violence- are focused on .The protection of civilians in the specific areas is also addressed - namely duringthe cyclone Thomas, in the IDP camps and in the area struck by the cholera epidemics. The work culminates in the research which consists of three parts - a questionnaire for NGOs, civilians and government officials.
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