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Effect of stress level on operant conditioning
Lukavská, Markéta ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Santariová, Milena (referee)
Stress is a normal adaptive process and a natural response of the body to those events which are somehow difficult for the individual. It also plays an important part in forming cognitive abilities of animals such as learning. For learning an adequate reaction to the individual's environment it is adaptive to take in as much information as possible, learn to put it into context and react based on it (cognitive strategy). This strategy can help in an ever changing environment as it causes the individual to broaden the range of their behavioural responses and increases the chance of survival. This makes the operant learning a highly desirable method. That is unless the animal finds itself in a situation which calls for a quick response (high level of excitement/agitation) in which case there is no time for processing of information as it is crucial to react instantly (habitual learning - habit strategy). Habitual learning is effective even at a high level of stress when there is "no time" for the operant learning. Operant learning requires the individual's involvement and therefore also the motivation to execute specific behaviour which is then strengthened (in a positive or negative way). In terms of motivation it is a choice between saving energy or safety and the possibility of achieving a...
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Cognitive screening for children: testing a new battery of computer games
Jablonská, Markéta ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Vavrečka, Michal (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the topic of cognitive development and possibilities of cognitive screening in preschool age. The aim of this study is to present a new battery of interactive games developed as a screening tool under the patronage of National Institute of Mental Health (NUDZ) within the project TA ČR TL02000561. The theoretical part is concentrating on cognitive development of preschool children with focus on selected cognitive functions and methods of testing. The empirical part is presenting results of the pilot testing of this battery with preschool and younger school aged children. The primary aim was to verify functionality and comprehensibility of each game in the battery. Finding of this study will be used to optimize this battery.
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Manipulation of physical environment and cognition in primates: Ontogenetic development
Kolářová, Anna ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Hradec, Michal (referee)
Cognition is a crucial factor for primates as it allows properly perceive and respond to the surrounding environment. This thesis is devoted to cognitive phenomena, which are often associated with understanding the physical environment and object manipulation. Much attention is focused on causal reasoning, object permanence and tool using. Particular emphasis is placed on the ontogenesis of these cognitive abilities. One of the main questions is how development differs between humans and non-human primates. Despite the fact that non- human primates, just like humans, have a very complex knowledge of the laws of the physical environment, causal reasoning and object permanence develops in a very similar way for these related species, but far from the same way. A large disparity is observed mainly in the area of the pace of development. Tool use in humans and non-human primates is strongly influenced by social learning and traditions. Key words: primates, physical environment, cognitive abilities, causal reasoning, object permanence, object manipulation, tool using, ontogeny
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Music Structure and Time Perception
Becková, Adéla ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis follows the bachelor's thesis Music and Time Perception (Becková, 2017). It focuses on time perception in music. It reviews current influential theories and models in the research of time perception, and also time perception models in relation to music, ie models based on the existence of internal time clocks and models based on attentional, memory and other dynamic processes. It also focuses on the psychological aspects of the metrum, rhythm and other musical characteristics in relation to time perception. Possible use of research findings in the field of time perception in music is also mentioned. In the experimental part I applied specific findings from the current research of time perception to short acoustic stimuli in the range of suprasecond intervals using reproduction as experimental paradigma. The filled- duration illusion, the divided time illusion and an effect of tone pitch were demonstrated. The findings from the experiment could be used in future research in the field of music and time perception. Klíčová slova: time perception, music perception, psychology of time
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Music Structure and Time Perception
Becková, Adéla ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis follows the bachelor's thesis Music and Time Perception (Becková, 2017). It focuses on time perception in music. It reviews current influential theories and models in the research of time perception, and also time perception models in relation to music, ie models based on the existence of internal time clocks and models based on attentional, memory and other dynamic processes. It also focuses on the psychological aspects of the metrum, rhythm and other musical characteristics in relation to time perception. Possible use of research findings in the field of time perception in music is also mentioned. In the experimental part I applied specific findings from the current research of time perception to short acoustic stimuli in the range of suprasecond intervals using reproduction as experimental paradigma. The filled- duration illusion, the divided time illusion and an effect of tone pitch were demonstrated. The findings from the experiment could be used in future research in the field of music and time perception. Klíčová slova: time perception, music perception, psychology of time
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Cannabinoids and Time Perception
Popova, Anastasia ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Honc, Ondřej (referee)
Interval timing (i.e.the perception of time in the seconds-to-minutes range) allows various animal species including humans to estimate duration of elapsed time. This process can be disrupted by cannabinoids and most often it is subjectively perceived as time deceleration. This work will describe the main models of interval timing, neuroanatomical structures involved in this process, and the main neurotransmitters. The results of studies examining the effect of cannabinoid on the interval timing, possible explanations according to the particular models, and the interaction between the cannabinoid and dopaminergic systems will be described as well. Keywords: interval timing, time perception, cannabinoids, dopamine
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Ontogenesis of episodic memory in preschool children
Píšová, Martina ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Petrásek, Tomáš (referee)
Episodic memory enables us to remember and recall life events from the past. Episodic memory is a specific type of long-term declarative memory, which undergoes changes in ontogeny. To examinate of episodic memory, "episodic-like memory model", was developed. This model focuses on three basic components of episodic memory: "What happened", "Where did it happen" and "When did it happen". The aim of this diploma thesis is to develop and to validate of particular tests of episodic memory with consideration for their feasibility for preschool children. In order to study episodic memory we used an "episodic-like memory model" and experiments which focused on: children's verbal ability, differentiation of two perspectives during remembering of events and timing memories on an autobiographical axis. We aimed to inspect the effect of age on performance in these tests, possible links between performance in these experiments and the effect of level and the three components of episodic memory on number of errors made. In our dataset we found a significant effect of the age of children in Sentence repetition test and in test of Object collection in the virtual house, in the same test we found a effect of the level on number of errors. We also found a significant correlation between correct responses in verbal...
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Relative numerosity discrimination in primates
Moravcová, Anna ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Petrásek, Tomáš (referee)
This work is focused on numerical competence in primates specifically focusing on relative numerosity, one of the many aspects of these cognitive abilities. Relative numerosity is an ability to discriminate a larger quantity from a smaller amount or smaller quantity from a larger amount and could be classified as one of the easiest numerical competence. In this work I have summarized the present knowledge of numerical competences in primates, which have been so far studied only in a few species of primates, most of them was rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In the experimental part I focused on the research of relative numerosity in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). The goal of my work was to find out whether macaques are able to solve the problem of relative abundance with different types of stimuli. Another goal was to find out whether they are able to generalize information about relative abundance and whether they can apply it for new design of the task. The results confirm that macaques possess the ability of relative numerosity and are able to abstract stimuli that are differing in their character. This proves that they are not learning to recognize a particular stimul, but are able to use this numerical skill on any type of stimul. I also found out that...
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Default Mode Network: Ontogeny
Jarmar, Jiří Kryštof ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Moravcová, Simona (referee)
Default mode network is a functional network system in a brain, comprising of other sub- components. It is activated during tasks focused on the inner monologue, mentalization, episodical memory or self-reflection. The DMN activity is generally described as default mode functioning of the brain in absence of external stimuli, on the other hand its activity is inhibited during the presence of it. This thesis focuses on the main factors and changes that occur during ontogeny of DMN from birth to adulthood, mainly in structural and functional connectivity and anticorrelation relationships with other brain networks. After a general characterization of DMN, the first part focuses on general characterization of functional brain networks and statistical methodology of measuring their relationships and maturity. It follows by the description of important events in brain development and identification of main anatomical regions of DMN. The most important part is the last one, which provides observations of comparative studies of DMN between children and adults. Here we describe main changes and trends in ontogeny of DMN. Key words: Default mode network, functional network, fMRI, ontogeny
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Effect of chronotype and time of assessment on the results of cognitive tests
Baranyaiová, Katarína ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Kulišťák, Petr (referee)
Navrhovaná štúdia sa zaoberá výkonom jedinca v kognitívnych testoch, ktoré sú bežnou súčasťou kognitívneho vyšetrenia a sú kľúčové pre stanovenie kognitívneho deficitu neurologických a neuropsychiatrických ochorení ako sú Alzheime schizofrénia a ďalšie poruchy kognitívnych funkcií. Keďže k vyšetrovaniu pacientov môže dochádzať v rôznom čase v priebehu dňa, je nesmierne dôležité stanoviť, či môže čas testovania chronotyp testovaného ovplyvniť kognitívny výkon klinicky významnou mierou. Cieľom tejto štúdie je stanoviť, či chronotyp ovplyvňuje kognitívne funkcie, hlavne pracovnú pamäť, pozornosť a psychomotorické tempo v súvislosti s časom testovania u zdravých dobrovoľníkov. Taktiež u vybraných testových metód stanoviť, či sú ich výsledky závislé na ohľadom na subjektívnu preferenciu participanta a dentifikovať batériu testov vhodnú pre vyšetrovanie kognitívneho deficitu nezávisle na chronotype jedinca a čase testovania. Najskôr boli participantom zadané dotazníky MEQ na určenie chronotypu. Cieľom bolo identifikovať skupinu dobrovoľníkov dvoch extrémne vyhranených chronotypov, u ktorých druhej fáze experimentu sledovali výkon v kognitívnych testoch testech ( ich preferovanú a nepreferovanú dobu. Použitím neparametrických testových metód boli nájdené signifikantné rozdiely medzi sovami vtáčatami a tiež medzi...
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