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The Dialectics of Law:A Hegelian Solution to the Conflict Between Natural and Positive Law
Sklenář, Václav ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Jinek, Jakub (referee) ; Fořtová, Hana (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to answer the question of what do we actually claim, when we claim that certain subject does, or on the contrary does not have certain rights. I attempt to solve the question through an analysis of the traditional conflict in the theory of jurisprudence between natural and positive law. While positivism derives the existence of rights from social facts natural law theories claim that certain rights can be deduced directly from (human) nature, and that these rights are universally acceptable. The first chapters are accordingly dedicated to classical formulations of positivist and naturalist positions and explore their broader theoretical assumptions. Using a dialectical procedure inspired by Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, I endeavour to uncover the inner tensions of the introduced approaches, which point to the justification, or even necessity of the existence of the alternative approaches. A historical excursion into the times of the French revolution follows, which shows how the problems of the presented theories manifested themselves in political practice. The second part of the work discusses various types of reactions to the inability of the tradition to solve the conflict between natural and positive law. I present Griffin's theory of human rights which seeks a...
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Religion without religion
Neužil, Ondřej ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Halík, Tomáš (referee)
The subject of this thesis is the concept of religion without religion. An important part of this concept is to define itself in relation to religion 1, i.e. traditional, historical or confessional religion. In this sense I interpret religion without religion in two ways: as a type of thought and as a project. By a type of thought, I designate a specific approach to religion that works with the idea that there can be something like a religion outside of religion 1. A project is then the resulting set of ideas, a non-dogmatic dublet of dogmas, in short, a particular program and appeal of given scholar. In this paper I analyze both of these meanings of the concept of religion without religion in four philosophers: Karl Jaspers, Jacques Derrida, Gianni Vattimo and John Caputo. In their thought, Jaspers, Derrida and Caputo try to maintain a distance from religion 1. Their aim is to think about and formulate a kind of religion, a possibility of religion, outside of confessional religion. Vattimo, by contrast, starts from Christianity and reinterprets it. Yet, he too falls into this type of thinking, since his specific Christianity is not a common form of this religion in the sense of religion 1. For each of these four scholars, I then show what specific forms the project of religion without religion...
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Revigoration for the late Nietzsche
Sova, Jakub ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; De Santis, Daniele (referee)
The effort with which this work is to be burdened wants to properly address the moments in which the experiencing of the world is shaped by a negative attitude towards life. It cannot be denied that Nietzsche's criticism proves the far-reaching effect of his battle with democracy and the modern idea of progress. He rejected both, foreshadowing the decadence of humanity, in order to replace them with a dietary, sensory "experience" of the world. From his critical standpoint, which is characterized by a defiance of our surroundings, a fundamentally different and mesmerizing vision of life emerges, based on a return to the "instincts of health". We will try to offer an interpretation in which Nietzsche comes up with an alternative to the modern way of life, requiring the reconciliation of the ideas of the will to power, the eternal return of the same and the overman. We will base primarily on late writings and published books, with occasional consideration of his rich Nachlass. At the same time, the ambition is to draw attention to the neglected and rarely considered aspects of Nietzsche's work, although it retain its uniqueness even by today's standards.
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Hegel and Postcommunism
Korda, Tomáš ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Barša, Pavel (referee) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
The submitted dissertation interprets the history of the "totalitarian" century as the 'world's court of judgement' that decided which philosophy is topical based on its ability to reconcile with the given reality. I argue that it is Hegel's philosophy that proves to be topical, since (1) it is necessary to deal with the philosophy of Marx, which was behind the Communist experiment that divided and formed the 20th Century, (2) it was Marx's philosophy that, by diverting from Hegel, succumbed to Spinozism, (3) the "one and only instance of disproving Spinozism" was provided by Hegel, as he stated himself. The dissertation discusses these three theses, thus creating a framework for the application of Hegel's genuine refutation (Widerlegung) of Spinozism on Marx. By such act of refuting we arrive at the state as a self-knowing (immanent) end of the capital. Only in the state does the capital know that it is an end in itself instead of being a tendency (instrument) of achieving an external (higher) end, as was the case with Communism. Emancipated from Communism, capital becomes the state and as such opens up to inter-state relations and creates history by their means.
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Problems with Critique: The Philosophy of Rahel Jaeggi
Hrouda, Vít ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
The main focus of this thesis is Rahel Jaeggi's project of the critique of forms of life. Jaeggi develops a new theory of social critique that concentrates on forms of life. Forms of life are grasped as ensembles of practices, within which we always already live our lives and which solve certain problems. Jaeggi argues that the best critical procedure is immanent. That means the critique should concentrate on contradictions that characterize forms of life themselves and not bring in external standards. This method presupposes a conception of social changes, which happen in a rational way and admit of a progressive development. The thesis explains the basic argumentative steps, compares them with other philosophical theories and thematizes the way Jaeggi's philosophy develops the tradition of Frankfurt school critical theory.
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To Keep Silent
Chvojková, Stela ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
The master thesis is dedicated to silence as a limit phenomenon of language. It elaborates on the problem in dialogue with Ludwig Wittgenstein, in whose philosophy this aspect of silence is central. First, an interpretation of the Tractatus in the light of its final sentence "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" is presented. The emphasis is put on the ultimate paradox of the text, which traditional interpretations seek to undermine. In the second part of the thesis, Wittgenstein's later reflections, especially those from the Philosophical Investigations, are used to question the binary distinction between silence and language and as a result, to describe silence as a positive phenomenon linked to the possibility of showing. The thesis thus seeks to explore from different angles the phenomenon of silence in its ambiguity and to underline its philosophical significance.
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Beyond Psychology: Nietzsche and the Metaphysics of Agency
Váňa, Filip ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
In this work I attempt a reconstruction of what I take to be the very foundations of Nietzsche's philosophical project - his account of what it means to be an agent (i.e. his "psychology"). Yet, my main purpose is far from mere exegesis. On the contrary, by actively thinking through what Nietzsche gives us, I aim to develop a coherent account of the fundamental "logic" of agency as such. That is, of what it could mean to be an agent, understood as a functionally distinct kind of being. In doing so, I proceed in a number of steps. First, I situate Nietzsche's project in the historical context and say a few words about what he has to offer us. Next, I consider Nietzsche's approach to how we should think about the soul (and psychology itself) and attempt to clarify some other key psychological concepts. With these in hand, I develop a formal concept of an organism and connect it to Nietzsche's notorious notion of the "will to power" - which concludes the first part of the work. In Part Two, the "psychological" account worked out in Part One meets ethics. Here I begin by examining Nietzsche's (internalist) theory of motivation, itself derived from the concept of life, and scrutinize his attempted deconstruction of the "selfish/selfless" dichotomy - the foundation of Nietzsche's "moral psychology" and...
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Scientific Categories and Classification of People: Historical analysis as a methodological tool for the philosophy of human sciences?
Smiešková, Kornélia ; Maršálek, Jan (advisor) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
(in English): The aim of the work is to reconstruct and interpret the method of historicized analysis and its employment to examine the phenomenon of "making up people". The concept is Hacking's description for the impact scientific classifications can have on classified people. The point of departure for the examination in the work is the thesis that historicized analysis employs the elements of philosophical conceptual analysis together with historical tools philosophy of science corroborates and whose strategies are often in opposition to the analytical tradition. As a follow-up of the main thesis the work also examines whether the historicized analysis can be understood as a history of the present. Moreover, it asks questions that come up in connection with the project of "making up people" such as: "What are the conditions for a scientific category to emerge? When categories emerge do new kinds of people emerge as well? What is the specific structure that enables the mutual interaction and effect scientific categories and classified people make? One of the aims will therefore be to elucidate to what extend the historicized analysis is able to answer those questions. Last but not least the work looks into the critical implications and usefulness of the method of historicized analysis.
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Nietzsche's Will to Power led by the hands of Morality
Krajc, Jan ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
Nietzsche's Will to Power led by the hands of Morality Abstract This thesis aims to propose a certain way of conceiving what is usually taken to be one of the key concepts of Nietzsche's philosophy - the Will to Power. Although Nietzsche never defines such a concept, we will try to unpack it in the following systematic way. The key to the puzzle will be represented by another notion that Nietzsche thoroughly elaborates on - Morality. Even though it might not be apparent at first glance, these two concepts are closely related, and one might even claim that they are inseparable. This fact comes to full light throughout two of Nietzsche's latest books we will be focusing on: On the Genealogy of Morals and Beyond Good and Evil. These two texts will represent for us a solid ground to search after a mysterious notion that the Will to Power most definitely is. For, we believe that a firm grasp of what Nietzsche intends by the latter notion can be obtained only if we consider it from the standpoint of the genealogy of moral values and, in particular, of how Nietzsche considers the development of humanity from a pre-moral stage to the stage of morality and eventually up to that of extra-morality. More concretely, as the Will to Power finds (indirect) expression in our system of (hierarchical) values, then the...
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