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Ecology of flower smuts (Microbotryum) and their hosts from family Caryophyllaceae
Koupilová, Klára ; Koubek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Marková, Jaroslava (referee)
Anther-smut fungus (Microbotryum spp.) infecting plants of the Caryophyllaceae represents one of the most extensively studied plant pathogen systems. Anther-smut is a pollinator-borne disease that turns infected plants completely sterile. The aim of this thesis is to sum up the main findings about ecology and epidemiology of anther-smut disease and it mainly deals with various factors that influence disease spread and occurrence in nature. According to existing research, abiotic factors play minor role compared to biotic factors and interactions. Among the most pronounced, we can find variability in pathogen virulence and host resistance and also vector behaviour. When studying epidemiology of Microbotryum spp., it is necessary to take account of spatial population structure and metapopulation dynamics as well. Comparing life histories of different host species can also bring useful information. Key words: anther-smut, Microbotryum, Caryophyllaceae, pollinators, resistance, epidemiology, metapopulation dynamics.
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Fungi of the energetically important plants
Janďourková, Hana ; Novotný, David (advisor) ; Marková, Jaroslava (referee)
This thesis gives a literature review of fungi of energy crops. The most important phytopathogenic and endophytic fungi of these plants are mentioned, with special reference to genus Fusarium. Energy crops are plants growing for phytoenergy. Species suitable for this purpose were chosen especially for great production of biomas with a cost. Various plant species are used for this pupose. Little information of mycobiota of the energy crops is known in comparison with traditional crops. Better are known phytopathogenic than endophytic fungi of energy crops. In my master's thesis I will study endophytic mycobiota of Miscanthus sinensis, Rumex patientia x R. tianschanicus and Sorghum, excerption of mycobiota of these plants was carry out with special attention. Anamorphic genus Fusarium belongs to the most important phytopathogenic and endophytic generas of herbs, therefore closer attention was paid to this taxa. Key words: phytopathogenic fungi, endophytes, energy crops, phytoenergy, Fusarium
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Diversity of rust fungi in plant communities of Oblík hill
Stodolová, Pavla ; Hanzalová, Alena (referee) ; Marková, Jaroslava (advisor)
Pavla Stodolová Diversity of rust fungi in plant communities of Oblík hill Abstract This diploma is based on previous Bc. thesis. It consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to the diversity of the rust on the locality Oblík Mt. (České středohoří Mts.). The second part includes the instruction for use of theme of the rust in biological practical lesson. The special part consists of a brief description of the locality Oblík, the methods of collecting, processing and preservation of rust and a list of hosts with their rusts and their descriptions. On the investigated area there were found 32 species of rusts. They presence was determined by the influence of several factors: the composition of surrounding vegetation, the local climate, the annual average temperature, the wind direction, the quantity of rainfall, ontogenetic development of the host plant. The occurrence of some rust species should be expected here in following year, especially the species overwintering as perennial mycelium. The occurrence of most species of rusts is difficult to predict in the future, because they spread diffusely. The special attention was paid to rust on spring plants: Uromyces muscari on Muscari tenuiflorum and Puccinia liliacearum on Ornithogalum kochii. These species were chosen because of their regular occurrence...
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Parasitic fungi on selected invasive weeds
Forejtová, Zuzana ; Marková, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Sumíková, Taťána (referee)
Parasitic fungi on selected invasive weeds Zuzana Forejtová Abstract This thesis deals with the invasive plant species problems and their pathogens in the Czech Republic. Special attention is given to weed species colonizing the agroecosystems. The modes and consequences of plant invasions are presented in theoretical part. Practical part includes a list and descriptions of found parasitic fungal pathogens colonizing selected invasive weeds. Moreover, this thesis can be used for educational purposes. In the last part, fungal pathogens of weeds and their use as potential agents in the biological control are discussed. Keywords: invasive plants, invasion, weeds, biological control, fungal pathogens, parasitic fungi
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Detection of phytoplasmas using DNA-microarrays
MARKOVÁ, Jaroslava
The aim of this thesis was to optimize the method of detection of phytoplasmas using DNA-microarray. It consisted of testing an appropriate method of genetic material isolation, development and optimization of PCR to amplify different groups of phytoplasmas, optimization of detection of DNA at a microarray, and sequence analysis of phytoplasma in order to design more suitable probes. PCR was first optimized for collection isolates, then also for natural samples. All 16Sr groups from the collection were sequenced and phytoplasmas were detected in them by hybridization. Phytoplasmas were detected also in natural samples: oilseed rape (species Brassica napus), red clover (Trifolium pretense), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), and apple tree (Malus domestica). Using the DNA from insect vectors, only sample 202/6 from the group 16Sr-XII was positive. The sequence of red clover and oilseed rape correspond with the database samples in the group 16Sr-I "Aster yellows".
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Detection of phytoplasmas using PCR amplification of selected fragments from the phytoplasma genome
MARKOVÁ, Jaroslava
Phytoplasmas are bacterial pathogens of plants. They can cause devastating losses of yield of diverse crops. It is necessary to find reliable detection technique for detection of phytoplasmas disease. The easiest and the cheapest technique is just PCR (polymerase chain reaction) which is used to selective amplification of selected parts of the molecule DNA. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to find of optimal primers to amplification of selected fragments of phytoplasmas genome in one-step PCR and use this technique in detection of phytoplasmas. A collection of phytoplasmas from professor Bertaccini with 37 samples was used for this study. It was tested 16 natural samples by optimized primers. Phytoplasma was detected in strawberry root. Research was supported by the Czech Science Foundation, Grant No. GP 522/09/P545.
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