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Phytochemical study of Helianthus annuus L. III
Rudolfová, Dagmar ; Karlíčková, Jana (advisor) ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee)
Rudolfová D.: Phytochemical study of Helianthus annuus L. leaves III. Diploma thesis 2007. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, 105 pp. The thesis was aimed at phytochemical study of Helianthus annuus leaves. The purpose was to get a summary extract from sunflower leaves, to divide it into several fractions and analyse them using structure selective detection reagents and evaluating their antioxidant activity. At first, the ethanolic extract from Helianthus annuus L. leaves was prepared. After shaking it with n-butanol the aqueous part was separated on a chromatographic column. Fractions were analysed using the TLC separation method and the structure selective detection reagents were applied to the TLC plates. Selected united fractions were separated on a second chromatographic column. Fractions from this second column were analysed using the TLC method. After that, antioxidant activity of selected fractions from the first and second chromatographic column was screened with DPPH test and FRAP method. Following the chromatographic analyses mainly saccharides, steroids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, lactones and essential oils were detected. Significant antioxidant activity was detected with fractions HEA 25-28 (first column) and HEA 6-8 (second column).
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Toxicity of thiosalicylanilides with invertebrate organisms
Čapková, Zuzana ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor) ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee)
Thiosalicylanilides are important biologically active substances. They have been used for they anthelmintic and antifungal activity for a long time. In recent years they were tested as substances potentially effective in the therapy of tuberculosis. This Diploma-Study presents the toxicity of newly synthesized thiosalicylanilides. As these substances are hardly soluble or practically insoluble in water, dimethylsulfoxide was succesful as a co-solvent in the experiments. The Artemia franciscana biotest was used as a screening method. These experiments were evaluated after a 24hours period and the EC50 values were calculated. This method is rapid, inexpensive and convenient for pre-screening toxicity tests. The toxicity order for the tested compounds was: 4' - bromo - 3,5 - dichlorothiosalicylanilide (13e) > 3,4',5 - trichlorothiosalicylanilide (13b) > 3', 4'- dichlorothiosalicylanilide (8c) > thiosalicylanilide (8a) > 5 - chlorothiosalicylanilide (12a) > 4'- methylthiosalicylanilide (8i).
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Analytical methods of evaluation of antioxidant/free-radical scavenging activity
Baronová, Pavlína ; Karlíčková, Jana (referee) ; Macáková, Kateřina (advisor)
Baronová, P. Analytical methods of evaluation of antioxidant/free-radical scavenging activity. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, 65 pp. Antioxidant active compounds play a positive role in the prevention and threatment of many diseases. Consequently, antioxidant activity of natural and synthetic compounds is world-widely investigated. For this purpose, many methods for the evaluation of the activity were elaborated. The first part of this review is focused on the describtion of free radicals, its origin and function in the human body. Antioxidants are divided into several subclasses like endogenous and exogenous, which are divided to high-molecular or low molecular according to the structure, and synthetic and natural according to the origin. The methods for determination of free radicals (synthetic or endougenous radicals) scavenging activity, evaluation of inhibition of lipid peroxidation, or redox properties (chemical or elektrochemical methods) of tested compounds are enclosed in this thesis. The instrumetnal analytical methods like HPLC or SIA (sequential injection methods) and FIA are also mentioned. The review also describes the practical examples of use of various described methods. In the conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of individual methods...
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Evaluation of antiprotozoal activity by Tetrahymena pyriformis
Osecká, Daniela ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee) ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor)
74 ABSTRACT Title of thesis Evaluation of antiprotozoal activity by Tetrahymena pyriformis Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Daniela Osecká Consultant: Mgr. Jitka Vytlačilová The protozoal pathogens are causing asymptomatic and symptomatic infections. The risk of the disease threatens to almost every man, therefore it is very important the antiprotozoal therapy. Tetrahymena pyriformis is a unicellular organism, which we tested out under the action of three substances, albendazole, mebendazole and ornidazole. We used two methods applied to measuring the viability of protozoan. It is a basic method for testing the inhibition of growth of the organism Protoxkit FTM using the conversion of food biomass in suspension of infusorian and MTT method, which uses the reduction of MTT dye (3 - [4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide). Spectrophotometrically from the measured data, we build tables and charts, optical density, depending on the time of culture and calculated percent inhibition for five descending concentrations of test substance. Our aim was to determine whether all the test substances showing the antiprotozoal activity. The greatest toxicity showed albendazole (method Protoxkit FTM at the...
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Opium - chemical composition, use and potentialities of drug abuse
Štenclová, Andrea ; Karlíčková, Jana (referee) ; Macáková, Kateřina (advisor)
Štenclová, A.: Opium - chemical composition, use and potentialities of drug abuse. A diploma thesis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové 2010, 94 pages This retrieval diploma thesis focuses on the processing of the facts about opium. The issue is examined from several points of view. The thesis deals with the question of the origin of this drug, its historical conception in various civilisations; it also concentrates on the chemical composition of the drug - particular attention is paid to the classification of alkaloids according to their chemical structure and to their biosynthesis. The following parts of the thesis describe legal and illegal opium production in the world, pharmacological effects of this drug on human organism as well as the problem of drug addiction and possibilities of its treatment. Keywords: opium, Papaver somniferum, opioid alkaloids, opium production, opium's effects on human organism, drug addiction
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Ecotoxicological Screening of the Select Drug II
Dubánková, Marianna ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee) ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor)
Dubánková, M. (2010) - Ecotoxicological Screening of the Select Drug II. Diplomová práce. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Quinolone antibacterial agents represent a chemically homogenous group of purely synthetic antibiotics which originated in the early 1960s and still play an important role in the antimicrobial chemotherapy. Quinolones (or more specific, fluoroquinolones) are frequently used in human therapy for treatment of both common and serious diseases (they are irreplaceable also against bioterrorist weapons, such as anthrax). Some of the fluoroquinolones are also among the most used veterinary antimicrobials, including their large-scale usage in aquaculture. Only in the Czech Republic, their annual consumption is in the order of millions of defined daily doses (DDD). Fluoroquinolones as entirely synthetic compounds do not have any natural source in the environment - therefore their occurrence in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is the result of human activity. Excluding the direct application to the aquatic environment (prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial diseases in the aquaculture), the most common point of entry of fluoroquinolones into the environment is via the wastewaters. Numerous studies...
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Biological effect of plant metabolites II. Isolation of alkaloids from Eschscholzia californica Cham.
Linzerová, Michaela ; Karlíčková, Jana (advisor) ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee)
Linzerová, M.: A Biological Effect of Plant Metabolits II. The Isolation of Alkaloids from Eschscholzia californica Cham. A diploma work, Charles University in Praque, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové 2009, 66 pages Extract J1 from plant Eschscholzia californica Cham. was separated. The separation was performed on a chromatografic column filled by silica gel, mixture of chloroform-ethanol 100+0 to 45+55 was chosen as eluent. For detection was taken thin-layer chromatography. A polar mixture of ethanol-acetic acid-water (60+30+10) was chosen as eleunt mixture. Detection was evaluated by UV radiation and spray of Dragendorff reagent. The fractions containing the highest concentracion of alkaloids were coupled and purified. Two different alkaloids were obtained. The structures of these alkaloids were found out by NMR method. Keywords: Californian Poppy, Eschscholzia californica, alkaloids, column chromatography, Alzheimer disease, benzophenanthridin alkaloids
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Biological activity of macromycetes - B
Dočkalová, Jana ; Macáková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Opletal, Lubomír (referee)
Dočkalová, J. Biological activity of macromycetes - B. Diploma thesis 2010, Charles University of Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy Hradec Králové, 105 s. Keywords: fungi, Agaricales, content substances, antioxidant activity, DPPH Fourteen taxons of macromycetes from order Agaricales (family Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Coprinaceae, Cortinariaceae, Entolomataceae, Hygrophoraceae, Lycoperdaceae and Tricholomataceae) were studied within this diploma thesis. 14 lyophilized extracts were prepared under the standard conditions from fruiting bodies of the mushrooms. These extracts were evaluated for the content of different groups of substances by the thin-layer chromatography (TLC), which was carried out in the chromatographic chambers by the linear development. Amino- acids, saccharides, carboxylic acids, phenolic substances, sterols, steroids and triterpens were recorded in all taxons. This was in accordance to the previously published outcomes. All taxons except Cortinarius traganus and Oudemansiella mucida performed positive detection on alkaloids. Species Amanita crocea, Bolbitius vitellinus, Cystoderma terrei, Psathyrella multipedata, Tricholoma album, Tricholomopsis decora and Cortinarius traganus had a positive reaction on detection of phenols and amines. Screening of an antioxidant...
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Analysis of Ginger root extract. II.
Zárubová, Kateřina ; Jahodář, Luděk (advisor) ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee)
Zárubová, K.: Analysis of Ginger root extract. II. [Thesis] Hradec Králové 2010, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy. The main goal of this work was verification of the declared quality of commercially available dry ginger extract. Having a standard sample is a necessary requirement for its testing in planned preclinical trials. Ethanol extract of the plant Zingiber officinale Rosc. was analyzed. For qualitative evaluation was used TLC method. Elution system was a mixture of ether and n-hexane in the ratio 6 : 4, an adsorbent was silicagel, detection was performed by spraying with solution of 1% vanillin in perchloric acid and sulfuric acid 6N. 6-gingerol was used as a standard. It was confirmed that the analyzed sample contains gingerols. Liquid chromatography for the quantitative evaluation of the extract was performed. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and water (acidified with 1 ml of phosphoric acid in 1000 ml of water) and methanol in the ratio 55:44:1, column was Merck Purospher RP-18 endcapped, 5 µm, 250×4 mm. Flow rate of mobile phase was 1.0 ml/min, inject volume 20 ml, UV / VIS detection at 282 nm. As a standard was used 6-gingerol in a concentration of 1 mg / 1 ml.There was determined 5,47 % of gingerols.
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Analysis of compounds contained in Acer platanoides L. flowers
Rajdlová, Stanislava ; Karlíčková, Jana (advisor) ; Macáková, Kateřina (referee)
SUMARY Extraction of compounds from flowers Acer platanoides was carried out in the first part of our work. Two extracts have been prepared - ether and ethanol. Identification of the compounds was done by the help of a thin layer chromatography with using the standards of phenolic compounds. According to the results TLC the presence of rutin, apigenin, hesperetine, hyperoside and chlorogenic acid were supposed. The presence of a compound of reducing character was proved in the ether extract. The HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of rutin in the ethanol extract. Further, the content of total phenolic compounds was determinated in the ethanol extract and results were expressed as gallic acid equivalent, i.e. 0,135 mg GAE/mg of extract. The second part of our work was aimed at testing antioxidant activity of ethanol extract by help of DPPH test. Very high values of antioxidant activity have been measured. Compounds of phenolic character were supposed to participate in antioxidant activity of ethanol extract.
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