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Potential of genetic engineering for breeding plants tolerant to abiotic stresses: cold resistance in rice
Lotová, Gabriela ; Lipavská, Helena (advisor) ; Janská, Anna (referee)
With increasing population and climate change, there has been an increase in efforts to breed more efficient crops. Genetic engineering has opened unprecedented breeding possibilities in developing plants with desired traits. Transgenic crops with better qualities, including resistance to adverse environmental conditions, can contribute to solving problems of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. Although society perceives genetically modified crops rather negatively, these crops are widely used as feed for livestock and outside Europe also for human nutrition. Because of the complexity of resistance to abiotic stress, the utility of genetic manipulations for the breeding of resistant plants was previously not anticipated. However, it turned out that modification of the stress signalling cascade or transcription factors can lead to success. This thesis summarizes the possibilities of genetic modification of crops, which may result in better tolerance to cold, and is mainly focused on rice. Part of the work deals with transduction of cold signal, whose modification can also result in increased tolerance to cold. Another part deals with transcription factors that activate expression of low temperature- resistant genes. The greatest attention is paid to CBF/DREB transcription factors that...
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Saccharides as an integral part of plant antioxidative system
Štěpánová, Nikola ; Lipavská, Helena (advisor) ; Hála, Michal (referee)
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants is inevitable part of aerobic cellular metabolism, during which ROS are generated as by-products of basal metabolic pathways. ROS participate in many processes in plants. If the ROS are at normal level, they serve as signal molecules. Under stress, however, the ROS level in plants increases. High ROS accumulation can cause severe oxidative damage of cellular components, but simultaneously it activates other signal pathways controlling defence against oxidative stress. Plants protect themselves against increased level of ROS in different ways. Either they try to prevent increased level of ROS, or they try to detoxify them. Plants utilize for detoxification two efficient antioxidative systems - enzymatic and non-enzymatic ones. The main goal of this work is to put saccharides into context of plant non-enzymatic antioxidative system and summarize saccharides-based ROS scavenging mechanisms, which have been invented so far. Research on mechanisms of ROS scavenging is highly important, because oxidative damage through excessive production of ROS is considered to be significant cause of productivity losses in agricultural crops. These losses are likely to increase as a result of increased stress burden connected with expected climatic changes. Key...
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