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Development of understanding of equality of 2nd and 3rd grade pupils.
Routa, Miroslav ; Jirotková, Darina (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
The topic of the thesis is the development of understanding of equality in pupils of the 2nd and 3rd year of primary schools. The thesis is based on research conducted within the project Teachers' Understanding of the Causes of School Failure and the Effectiveness of Educational Interventions, in which more than 600 pupils participated. Using the results of the aforementioned research, I will analyse the most common errors and the causes from which the errors may have developed. Thanks to the results from two didactic tests in mathematics in two consecutive years with the same pupils, I can observe where the perception of equality has shifted in one year. My next goal will be to find out, by analyzing textbooks and hypothesizing about the mathematical notations used, whether my conjectures about the reasons for the incorrect solutions are correct. Based on the results of the research, it seems that the choice of textbooks that students use to learn from has a significant impact on their understanding of equality. In order to test this hypothesis, I will conduct a detailed analysis of the textbooks of all publishers used for teaching in the researched classes. A mapping will be carried out of situations in which pupils encounter equations and other tasks that promote understanding of equality. The...
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Code comprehension in 2nd grade pupils at primary school
Hošková, Lucie ; Slezáková, Jana (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
The theoretical part of this thesis deals with one mathematical problem from a didactic test given within the project Teacher's understanding of the causes of school failure and the effectiveness of pedagogical interventions. It includes an analysis of the task and an estimation of expected solving mistakes. It takes a closer look at code and coding, the curriculum of which is newly embedded in the Framework Educational Programme for Primary Education, therefore examples of tasks that can be used in teaching at primary school are given in this paper. It also looks at the coded path, which is the basis for the test task, as well as the movement around the plan. Movement along the plan occurs in the context of propedeutic excercises and found exercises from textbooks. Six hundred and five student solutions are evaluated in the practical part. They are grouped together with described solving strategies that distinguish different types of path records in the plan. Furthermore, this section contains an evaluation of the data from an experiment conducted with fifteen 2nd grade of primary school pupils. In both cases, the focus is on the solving strategies, the detection of mistakes and the design of their re-education. Finally, the data of the pupils' solutions are evaluated. Firstly, they focus on the...
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Concpet building process in geometry using the game OWL
Gandžalová, Tereza ; Jirotková, Darina (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
The main topic of this thesis is the conceptual process in the field of geometry, more specifically the process of pupils' cognition of geometric objects during the didactic game Owl. The research of the thesis is focused on pupils of younger school age 9-11 years old. The aim of the thesis is to map pupils' ideas about geometric objects, their accompanying phenomena and relations between them through experiments, the tool of which is the Owl game and its modifications. The didactic game Owl is described in detail in the theoretical part of the thesis. Here, the theoretical background for the design of the experiments and the analysis of the pupils' discussions are also presented and the terms used in the practical part are defined. These backgrounds include the terms concept and conceptual process, the stages of development of geometric language, the theory of levels of understanding and the theory of generic model, and last but not least the levels of geometric thinking of the author Van Hiele. In the practical part, I focus on the description of the methodology and the characteristics of both the overall group and the individual pupils in it. Besides, the paper includes a breakdown of the activity plan of each experiment with their expected outcomes for each group. This is followed by the...
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Solving constructions in geometry in 4th and 5th grade of primary school
Fidrmucová, Adéla ; Slezáková, Jana (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
My diploma thesis is focused on the solution of construction tasks by pupils in the 4th and 5th year of elementary school. Its goal is to investigate the thought processes of pupils when solving selected construction tasks in mathematics. In the Theoretical part, I describe ideas about the cognitiv , and Mr. and Mrs. van Hiele. I also focus on the difficulty of teaching geometry and the description of the expected outputs from geometry in the Framework Educational Program for basic education, which relate to construction tasks. The last chapter of the Theoretical part is devoted to construction tasks in textbooks for the 1st grade of elementary school. In the Practical part, I focus on the research itself. It was made using the method of observation, during which a video recording was taken. Then I analyze these video recordings and describe the procedures of the 4th and 5th grade students when solving the assigned construction tasks. Based on these procedures, I divide them into groups. For each group, I think about the students' thought processes and their level within the cognitive processes described in the Theoretical part. Finally, I suggest re-education on recorded errors and how to continue working with students. At the end of the work, I place each student in one of three levels according...
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Peer assessment in mathematics in the 5th grade of primary school.
Handíková, Karolína ; Macháčková, Jana (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
HANDÍKOVÁ KAROLÍNA, Peer assessment in mathematics in the 5th grade of primary school, Prague, Faculty of Education, Charles University, 2022. The diploma thesis Peer Assessment in Mathematics in the 5th Year of Basic School deals with the methods of assessment used in the first period of education of pupils at basic schools. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the concept of school assessment, I present its brief development, functions and I also distinguish different types of school assessment. Evaluation is viewed in the thesis on three levels - self-evaluation, peer evaluation and teacher evaluation. The thesis emphasizes peer evaluation, which is given increased attention in the field of research. The practical part consists of research focused on working with a square grid and counting the content of various geometric shapes, where pupils pass through different levels based on peer assessment. KEYWORDS Assessment, formative assessment, summative assessment, self-assessment, peer assessment, primary school pupil, triangle area in a square grid
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Development of the concept of money in children aged 5-7 years
Buzková, Klára ; Kaslová, Michaela (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
This diploma thesis focuses on the topic of developing the concept of money in children aged 5-7 years. The main purpose of the thesis is to enrich the spectrum of activities in the area of financial literacy for children of pre-school age with activities related to the development of the concept of money and other selected concepts. To achiveve this goal, five original activities are proposed, which enlight concepts such as money, exchange, saving, loan etc. in a playful form using elements of drama education and discussion. The aim of the thesis is to compile a series of suitable activities for pre-school children, which concerns the development of the concept of money. The work consists of three parts. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with selected views on the concept of money, financial literacy, pre-mathematical literacy and the psychology of preschool-age children. The practical part is based on the theoretical part and is based on action research with elements of qualitative research. The method of data collection was the observation of children during activities. Video documentation was made from the course of the activities, which allowed a later evaluation of the activities performed and post-reflection and resulted in suggestions for modifications of the activities and...
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Assessment as a way to self-knowledge not only in the teaching of mathematics at the first stage of elementary school
Handíková, Karolína ; Kvaszová, Milena (advisor) ; Macháčková, Jana (referee)
HANDÍKOVÁ KAROLÍNA, Assessment as a Way to Self-Knowledge Not Only in Teaching Mathematics at the First Level of Elementary School, Prague, Faculty of Education, Charles University, 2022. The diploma thesis Assessment as a Way to Self-Knowledge Not Only in the Teaching of Mathematics at the First Stage of Primary School deals with the methods of assessment used in the first period of education of pupils at primary schools. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. Evaluation is an integral part of education, and just as other parts of education are transformed on the basis of changes in society, evaluation also undergoes upheavals and changes so that it is effective and responds to the latest trends in pedagogy. Assessment is a big topic for educators, and many of them think about an appropriate form of assessment on a daily basis. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the concept of school evaluation, its functions and distinguishes various types of school assessment. Evaluation is viewed in the thesis on three levels - self-evaluation, peer evaluation and teacher evaluation. The practical part consists of a survey in which teachers at the first stage of primary school are interviewed, as well as the pupils themselves attending the first stage of primary school. Teachers...
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Mathematics for the first grade through the touch, hearing, smell, taste and sight
Michková, Žaneta ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
This master's thesis deals with the usage of senses - sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch in mathematics lessons. The aim of the thesis is to offer teachers a collection of non-traditional activities whose objective is to not only strengthen and practise, but also to comprehend the mathematics curriculum in the 1st grade of primary school with overlaps into the subjects of basic science, physical education, music education, Czech language - writing, reading. The theoretical part describes the mental development of younger school age pupils focusing on individual senses and their usage in mathematics lessons. The activities correspond with the valid education legislation of the Czech Republic and its documents. The conclusion of the theoretical part is devoted to one of the ways of learning - game and its meaning. The practical part includes the collection of activities in math lessons, which is focused primarily on the usage of one of the senses - touch, hearing, smell, taste and sight. The activities comprise: their descriptions, preparations, helping materials, processes, assessments and modifications, some activities also include a worksheet. The collection is in accordance with the outputs and objectives of the FEP and the set of key competencies.
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Visual number sense of 6 - 8 years old pupils
Fischerová, Terezie ; Slezáková, Jana (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the visual perception of pupils from 6 to 8 years of age, especially examines the strategies used in solving problems on visual perception. Its aim is to analyze the visual perception of students from 6 to 8 years. It consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part formulates and explains the basic concepts related to the visual perception of calculus in small sets, presents an analysis of visual perception problems in three series of textbooks for the first grade and outlines the basic strategies for solving visual perception problems. The theoretical part thus sufficiently prepares the reader to understand the practical part, which is crucial for the diploma thesis. The practical part concerns an experiment containing a series of tasks on visual perception. It describes the conditions and implementation of the experiment with a group of 19 pupils and 8 preschoolers from three primary schools in Prague. Other than that there is a description of the results and formulation of the conclusions of the experiment. The experiment finds out how students perceive small sets and whether they use set configurations as on dice, or whether these configurations can help them determine the number of objects in the set. The experiment in the practical part aims to...
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Work sheets focused on the relation between whole and its parts
Navarová, Zuzana ; Kaslová, Michaela (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
The bachelor's thesis deals with children's perception of the whole and its parts, when working with worksheets. Worksheets are not understood separately, but are integrated in a specific didactic structure within a school project focused on Prague's legends. The work presents a selection of activities formulated to the created worksheets, which are solved by different approaches. The presented work is based on the theoretical part which is focused on preschool children, pre-mathematical literacy and worksheets. The practical part consists of the created worksheets, tasks and their characteristics. The use of worksheets during practise in kindergarten was monitored in a qualitative research on a sample of thirteen preschool children of one kindergarten. All worksheets were debating the matter of "the whole and its parts", each in a different way. The solution process presupposes activities connected with comparison, reasoning, with arrangement, sorting, assembly and decomposition. The process of solving tasks by children is recorded on video and then analyzed. The methods of solving the bachelor's task were research, qualitative research, observation, registration of observed phenomena, analysis and discussion. The data analysis divided the worksheets into usable in the original assignment and...
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