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Kant, Husserl and Berkeleyan Idealism
Zeman, Milan ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
Both Kant as well as Husserl have, at the mature stage of their thought, arrived at and strongly advocated specific idealistic doctrines which bear a great resemblance and even the same name, namely transcendental idealism. Although, in reality, the two doctrines are substantially different, there is one point in which they entirely overlap: they were both being anxiously differentiated by their authors from the material idealism of Berkeley, that is, the controversial 18th century doctrine which denies the mind-independent existence of the material world. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that, despite their adamant claims to the contrary, both Kant as well as Husserl are, as regards their idealistic doctrines, unequivocally Berkeleyan or, in other words, material idealists, and that the arguments they present in defense against this interpretation are either untenable or irrelevant with regard to the ontological orientation of their idealism. In both cases, the demonstration of the positive thesis is based on the very core of the given form of idealism: thus, we shall see that, in the case of Kant, material idealism is fully contained within the doctrine of the transcendental aesthetic, and that, in the case of Husserl, the same applies to his principle of relativity.
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The problem of solipsism and ontic reality of not-I in Fichte
Dubovec, Marcel ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Sobotka, Milan (referee)
DUBOVEC, Marcel. The problem of solipsism and ontic reality of Not-I in Fichte (Bachelor's thesis). Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, Institute for philosophy and religious studies. Supervisor: Dr. phil. habil. (PD) Jindřich Karásek, Dr. The Bachelor's thesis discuss Fichte's philosophy in connection with principles of the Science of Knowledge. These principles are often mistakenly unified with conception of solipsism. The task of the thesis is to deny this solipsistic understanding of Fichte's philosophy. This is achieved by closer examinig of three texts: Hölderlin's critique, first two principles of the Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge. With rejection of the solipsistic position the question of understanding of the absolute I is established. On the one hand there is a transcendental- logical interpretation of absolute I. On the other hand is through Heidegger's ontological difference proposed a hypothesis about understanding of absolute I as a being and Not-I as beings. The author is trying to see these two interpretations in unity.
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The Voice of Reason. A study of Kant's Critical Philosophy
Pech, Robin ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Sirovátka, Jakub (referee) ; Koblížek, Tomáš (referee)
Philosophy is traditionally defined against rhetoric. The traditional difference between philosophy and rhetoric is based on a distinction between truthful and persuasive speech. The history of philosophy offers a number of examples how to approach the relationship between truth and persuasiveness. However, this relationship was traditionally taken in such a way so that philosophy could be defined against rhetoric. This approach can also be found in the texts of Immanuel Kant. From this point of view, Kant's project of critical philosophy can be interpreted as an attempt to purify philosophy and separate it from rhetoric. But when Kant defines the philosophy against rhetoric, he falls into obvious contradiction. As the critical philosophy helps to realize the ideas of the Enlightenment, thus, it also helps to spread the light of reason. However, the spread of general enlightenment requires an effective link between philosophy and rhetoric, i.e. between truth and persuasiveness. Since the critical philosophy is the instrument of enlightenment, it acquires its rhetorical dimension. A closer examination of the rhetorical dimension of Kant's critical philosophy, which still represents a certain desideratum of Kant Studies, thus opens up completely new research and interpretation possibilities.
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The Concept of Taste in Kant's Aesthetic
Krapchatova, Marina ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
(in English) The thesis focuses on the conception of taste of Kant in the "Critique of Judgment". The objective of the thesis is the research of this conception in aesthetic experience in which we attribute the predicate "beautiful" to objects, namely in the judgments of taste. Judgement of taste is aesthetic reflective judgement using which we attribute the predicate "beautiful" to objects and we determine our own inner feeling connected with the act of judging the form of the given object. The thesis deals with the analysis of the relevant judgements to determine the conditions under which the judgement of taste is considered pure and deduction of judgements of taste where the validity and necessity of the judgements are proven, and of specific nature - intersubjective. Using the given approach, it is possible to define taste as an autonomous skill to judge objects of aesthetic affection, the principle of which is based on subsumption of powers, imagination and reasoning in a state of free game.
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The Young Marx: Process of Production and Formation of the Common Powers
Svatík, Adam ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
In Marx's early writings, human sensibility is understood in terms of essential powers and their objects. Marx's idea that human senses are impoverished in the capitalist society signifies that the latter effectuates a reduction of sensibility to possession and of powers to a single labor power. Alienation, as I interpret it, is the actual process of this reduction; it is a production of beings whose essence realizes the reduction of senses and powers. Production understood in this way does not have a productive outside in the sense of a free or non-alienated production, but a political or destructive outside. Liberation of human sensibility is thus a twofold process in which destruction coincides with invention of powers.
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Theory of Knowledge by Rudolf Steiner
Kasper, Vojtěch ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis deals with the philosophical works of Austrian thinker, Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). Focusing mainly on his epistemological thinking, its main objective is to interpret Steiner's Theory of Knowledge. This work is structured in four chapters. After giving the reader insight into Steiner's life, it goes on to deal with the development of his thinking and work, with particular attention paid to the substance of his first and truly philosophical (not yet theosofical- anthroposofical) phase of working life. Following from this is a passage on his relationship with J. W. Goethe, whose intellectual (and especially scientific) legacy served as Steiner's main source of inspiration, while also laying out the basic form of Goethe's scientific methodology and its epistemological background, namely its empirical and simultaneously objective idealism, which deeply spoke to Steiner and motivated him to write his first philosophical work: Grundlinien einer Erkenntnistheorie der Goetheschen Weltanschauung (1886). The third chapter approaches this particular work, in which Steiner presents and describes the theory of knowledge, as aligned with that of Goethe. Analysed and interpreted are the three main successive sections of his work, in which he expresses his notion of experience, thinking and knowledge....
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Language and Memory in Hegel's Conception of History
Formanová, Josefina ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
This work aims, in a rather contemplative manner phased into three related parts, to discuss two concepts indispensable for Hegel's entire philosophy of life and history: language and memory. In Part I, I examine the triple relation between language and thinking, thinking and reality, and reality and language. I argue that language shares a logical structure with thinking and reality, and is itself the performative principle (or acteur) of creating reality, being itself the externalizing tool of the movement of thinking without which any development of the Spirit would not be possible. Part II targets the concept of memory and its function within thinking and action of self-consciousness. It is argued that Hegel's language functions as the modern concept of discourse in terms of its agency in reality. Memory is understood as fundamentally entangled with matter, or the material objectivity that calls in memory to be named, i.e. posited in language. Memory is an interiorizing principle, language is the exteriorizing principle, both deeply rooted in the so-called night of the self of each spirit. I also discuss the subject-objective relation against the background of memory, before moving onto Part III which generally tackles the process of the self-expression of the Spirit in history, the distinction...
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Language and Memory in Hegel's Conception of History
Formanová, Josefina ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
This work aims, in a rather contemplative manner phased into three related parts, to discuss two concepts indispensable for Hegel's entire philosophy of life and history: language and memory. In Part I, I examine the triple relation between language and thinking, thinking and reality, and reality and language. I argue that language shares a logical structure with thinking and reality, and is itself the performative principle (or acteur) of creating reality, being itself the externalizing tool of the movement of thinking without which any development of the Spirit would not be possible. Part II targets the concept of memory and its function within thinking and action of self-consciousness. It is argued that Hegel's language functions as the modern concept of discourse in terms of its agency in reality. Memory is understood as fundamentally entangled with matter, or the material objectivity that calls in memory to be named, i.e. posited in language. Memory is an interiorizing principle, language is the exteriorizing principle, both deeply rooted in the so-called night of the self of each spirit. I also discuss the subject-objective relation against the background of memory, before moving onto Part III which generally tackles the process of the self-expression of the Spirit in history, the distinction...
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Self-ownership, its adequacy and comparison with autonomy
Matoška, Lukáš ; Brabec, Martin (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
The bachelor's thesis deals with selected self-ownership approaches to abortion and suicide. It is based on the observation that in these two areas, the argumentation based on the assumption of self- possession is relatively widespread. The question is to what extent are these approaches adequate, i.e. to what extent do they correspond to real-life situations. A way to assess adequacy is proposed expanding on Margaret Olivia Little. The self-ownership approach to abortion is then shown to be inadequate in specific cases. The thesis also focuses on the libertarian approach to the issue of the right to consensual killing. Discussing the article by Peter Vallentyne, it is shown that defence of this right based on self-ownership may not be sufficient. In this context, it focuses on the relationship between self-ownership and autonomy. It shows that they enable two separate argumentative strategies by which to defend an individual's rights.
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Rainer Forst's Theory of Tolerance
Sklenář, Václav ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
The goal of the presented thesis is to expound and evaluate Rainer Forst's theory of toleration, counting among the most discussed themes in contemporary political theory and practice. A critical reception of the manner in which a leading contemporary political thinker systematically treats this theme will provide us with historical, systematic, and normative orientation in the structure of this complex problematic. The exposition follows Forst's historical analyses explaining the development of the concept and different conceptions of toleration and at the same time supply normative evaluations of individual developmental tendencies. The thesis subsequently focuses on the purely systematic part of Forst's work, i.e. on his own theory of toleration, and situates Forst's contribution in the wider frame of his constructivist theory of justice. The thesis closes with a critical evaluation of Forst's theory. Here, systematic deficiencies of his conception will be uncovered, deficiencies that point towards deeper problems of liberalism and constructivism.
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