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Essays on Public Policies and Female Labor Supply
Kalíšková, Klára ; Pokorná Bičáková, Alena (advisor) ; Blundell, Richard (referee) ; Molina, José Alberto (referee)
In the first chapter of this work, I study the impact of joint taxation of married couples on married couples' labor supply. While joint taxation is fairly widespread across European countries, evidence of its labor supply effects is scarce due to a lack of recent policy changes in family taxation. This chapter makes use of the introduction of joint taxation in the Czech Republic in 2005 to estimate its effect on married couples' labor supply. Results based on difference-in- differences and on triple differences with several alternative control groups suggest that the introduction of joint taxation led to a decline of about 3 percentage points in the employment rate of married women with children. Participation declines are twice as large when the tax work disincentives are highest - among women with tertiary-educated husbands. The introduction of joint taxation did not affect the employment probability of married men with children. The second chapter contributes to the literature on female labor supply responsiveness by measuring the effect of tax-benefit policies on female labor supply based on a broad sample of 26 European countries in 2005-2010. The tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD is used to calculate a measure of work incentives at the extensive margin - the participation tax rate,...
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Kalíšková, Klára ; Flek, Vladislav (advisor) ; Fialová, Kamila (referee)
Active labour market policy is a widely used labour market intervention, which should increase the efficiency of labour market and help increase regular employment. However, its real impacts on labour market conditions are ambiguous. Although the literature concerning effectiveness of active labour market policy (ALMP) measures is extensive, there is no conclusive evidence regarding which ALMP measures are efficient and to what extent. The effectiveness of active labour market policy depends on many circumstances including characteristics of a given measure and conditions in a corresponding labour market. Therefore, decisions regarding implementation of ALMP measures should be based on high- quality and systematic evaluation of impacts of these measures in the given labour market. In the Czech Republic there is no regular system of active labour market policy evaluation, but the need for evaluation is even more urgent in the current economic crisis. The thesis offers both theoretical and empirical analysis of the active labour market policy effectiveness. Theoretical analysis introduces a comprehensive labour market model, which is grounded in the findings of existing literature and enables us to identify possible macroeconomic effects of ALMP measures on aggregate labour market situation. Second...
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Active labour market policy and its regional effects in the Czech Republic
Kalíšková, Klára ; Fialová, Kamila (referee) ; Flek, Vladislav (advisor)
Active labour market policy is a widely used labour market intervention, which should increase the efficiency of labour market and help increase regular employment. However, its real impacts on labour market conditions are ambiguous. Although the literature concerning effectiveness of active labour market policy (ALMP) measures is extensive, there is no conclusive evidence regarding which ALMP measures are efficient and to what extent. The effectiveness of active labour market policy depends on many circumstances including characteristics of a given measure and conditions on a given labour market. Therefore, decisions regarding implementation of ALMP measures should be based on high-quality and systematic evaluation of impacts of these measures in the given labour market. In the Czech Republic there is no regular system of active labour market policy evaluation, but the need of evaluation is even more serious in the current economic crisis. The thesis offers both theoretical and empirical analysis of the active labour market policy effectiveness. Theoretical analysis introduces a comprehensive labour market model, which results from findings of existing literature and enables us to identify macroeconomic effects of ALMP measures on aggregate labour market situation. Second part of this thesis introduces an...
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Career breaks after childbirth: the impact of family leave reforms in the Czech Republic
Bičáková, Alena ; Kalíšková, Klára
The Czech Republic is a country with a strong attachment of women to the labor market, but with one of the longest paid family leaves, which is often followed by a spell of unemployment. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we study the impact of two reforms of the duration of the parental allowance on the labor market status of mothers 2-7 years after childbirth. While the 1995 reform prolonged the allowance from 3 to 4 years, the 2008 reform allowed some parents to shorten the duration of the allowance to only 2 or 3 years with an equivalent total monetary amount. We find that in response to the 1995 reform, 36% of mothers extended their family leave beyond the 3-year job protection period. The 2008 reform partially reversed this effect. Both reforms also had a considerable impact on post-leave unemployment and inactivity of mothers.
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Impact of taxes and social benefits on income inequality and relative poverty in the Czech Republic
Janský, Petr ; Kalíšková, Klára ; Münich, Daniel
International comparisons have long shown that income inequality and the proportion of people at risk of relative poverty in the Czech Republic are among the lowest both in the EU and across the world's most developed countries (OECD). Data from representative surveys on household incomes and expenditures show that the Czech tax and social benefits system has rather little effect on income equality and the risk of poverty. Relatively low variation in gross income, for which the old-age pension system plays a key role, plays a greater part in maintaining the low rates of both measures. If besides direct taxes and social benefits we also take into account the effects of indirect taxation (value added tax and consumer taxes), then we find that the current system reduces income inequality relatively little, and in fact slightly increases the relative poverty risk. 80 % of those in relative poverty and 33 % of other individuals are in receipt of at least one social benefit. Only 38 % of total expenditures on state social support are spent on people who are at risk of relative income poverty. The most potentially effective benefits for reducing relative income inequality and overall poverty rates are benefits in material need (contributions towards basic living costs and accommodation). The most effective instrument for reducing the proportion of the population at risk of relative income poverty is child benefit.
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Public financing for pre-school places pays off: a cost and benefit analysis
Kalíšková, Klára ; Münich, Daniel ; Pertold, Filip
Countrywide statistics suggest that the long-term shortage of places in state preschool institutions (kindergartens) has become gradually less severe over the past few years thanks to population decline, and that in future there will be sufficient places available at pre-schools. Nevertheless at a local level demand is still far outstripping supply in many places, and this is unlikely to change as internal migration and other demographic changes continue. Our analysis of financial costs and benefits reveals that the shortage of places in preschools in the past decade has led to an undeniable net loss for the public budget. Our analysis demonstrates that the net gain to the public budget from every additional place in pre-school is on average 10,000 crowns per year. Public financial support for pre-schools would not result in a loss even under very conservative estimates. On the contrary, the net gains are in fact far higher if the indirect and long-term consequences of supporting further places in pre-schools are taken into account.
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From maternity to unemployment: women with young children returning to the labour market
Bičáková, Alena ; Kalíšková, Klára
The established tendency of Czech women to take long periods of parental leave represent a significant loss of human capital and an interruption of these women’s professional development; in addition, it contributes to a high risk of unemployment when they return to the labour market. In this study we look at the period during which women with young children return to the labour market following parental leave, documenting the development of their unemployment risk by the age of their child and the process through which mothers with young children end up unemployed. The unemployment rate is very high right after the end of parental leave, i.e. when the child is 3 years old; at this point, unemployment among women with high school diploma or more reaches 12% and for those with lower education is as high as 28%. Women often become unemployed immediately after returning to the labour market. Almost 30% of women with two-year-old children and 60% of women with three-year-old children become unemployed as soon as they return to the labor market. Among those with three-year-old children it is likely that this unemployment occurs as a result of the women losing their right to return to their previous employment. Among women with younger children, however, the high share of unemployed immediately when they end their parental leave calls into question the real functioning of the job protection period during which women have the right to return to their previous employment.
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Skills mismatches in the Czech Republic
Kalíšková, Klára
This study examines the efficiency of the job matching process on the Czech labor market. It studies how the educational structure of population evolved over the past 20 years and how the changes in educational structure were reflected in labor market success of graduates. It further analyses the skill mismatches on the Czech labor market from both vertical and horizontal perspective to identify possible inconsistencies between the skills supplied and demanded.
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