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Circadian system and reproduction
Hrubá, Anežka ; Lužná, Vendula (advisor) ; Ladislavová, Lucie (referee)
Due to the alternation of day and night, mammals have developed internal circadian clocks, helping to synchronize physiological processes with the external environment. The circadian system is hierarchically organized, with central clocks located within suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN). The main signal for setting the clocks to the external time is light, which enters the SCN through retina. The SCN communicate with peripheral oscillators in other organs, including reproductive ones, via hormonal signals, thereby synchronizing a variety of physiological processes. At the molecular level, clocks are controlled by clock genes. Cicradian system has a significant impact on reproduction. It is manifested by rythmical expression of clock genes and production of hormones in reproductive organs, as well as a success in reproduction if the clock's function is proper, and problems with reproduction if it is not. From a gender perspective, a several differences between women and men has been found throughout the SCN. Likewise, there are differences in chronotypes between both sexes over the course of their lives. Biological rhythms also include circannual rhythms, contributing to the timing of reproduction at the proper season of the year. Animals mate at different time depending on the length...
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