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Invasive pest species in fruit crops in the Czech Republic
Holý, Kamil ; Stará, Jitka ; Kocourek, František ; Ouředníčková, Jana ; Skalský, Michal ; Pultar, Oldřich
The publication summarizes the basic information about invasive pest species in fruit orchards, spreading to our country since 2000. Information about morphology, similar species, area of origin, distribution in Europe and Czechia, risk of introduction, life cycle, host plants, methods of monitoring and control, are provided for each pest species.
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Biology of gall wasps (Diplolepis spp.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in palearctic region
Vitáček, Jakub ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Holý, Kamil (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focussed on description of biology of gall wasps from the genus Diplolepis spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the palearctic region with the emphasis on some interesting phenomenons in their life cycle. These wasps induce galls obligatory on roses (Rosa spp.) and are widely distributed in the holarctic region. Many authors focussed on research of parasitoids, which use wasps larvae as food source. It was also recognized that inquilines lost their ability to induce own galls. However, their development is still dependent on galls tissues, because they feed on cells within galls. Rose gall wasps reproduce mostly without any mating. Female lay unfertilized eggs and males are very rare. Recently, development of modern techniques enable authors to study infection by bacteria of the genus Wolbachia and its role in the wasps parthenogenetic development. It is also apparent difference between the levels of our knowledge about individual species in this bachelor thesis. We have relative rich knowledges about European rose gall wasps, on the other hand biology of some Asian species is still very poor.
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Adaptation of parasitoids used during host utilization in the Chalcidoidea superfamily (Hymenoptera)
Ročková, Lenka ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Holý, Kamil (referee)
The Chalcidoidea superfamily is one of the most diverse groups of parasitic insects. The life strategy prevalent in most species of this superfamily is parasitoidism, which can be used by human as an effective tool in biological control. Parasitoids deal during their reproduction with the fact, that their hosts are often hidden in hardly accessible places. This matter of fact is probably the reason for development of some of the ovipositor's characteristics, that cannot be explained phylogeneticaly. These characteristics are therefore described as adaptations for parasitoid lifestyle. These adaptations mirror the nature of substrate which their hosts inhabitate and where the oviposition is being realised. Species inhabitating the same niche use to show different adaptations of the ovipositor, which could be explained by better distribution of the present resources. It is also considered a speciation factor of sympatric species. Detailed studies of the differences between ovipositor adaptations may simplify the determination procces of life strategies of hymenopteran insects, which could be performed based on ovipositor morphology. Key words: parasitic Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, ovipositor structure, hosts seeking, adaptation for host utilization, host discrimination
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Minimization of risk of pesticide residues in fruit production: certified methodology
Kocourek, František ; Falta, Vladan ; Stará, Jitka ; Holý, Kamil ; Horská, Tereza ; Vávra, Radek
The publication is intended for fruit growers who are included in integrated fruit production systems. The information and the recommendations presented in the matarial can help them to minimize risk of residues of of of pesticides on non-target organisms, mainly natural enemies. In addition, the minimizing of pesticide impact on human health is considered. All recommendations are in the accordance with requirements of legislation which will be in force from 2014 for IPM and also for convention regimes of fruit protection. The spray scheduling is based on the knowledge of pesticide pre-harvest period coupled with the information about their side effects on non-target organisms. Environmental behaviour of pesticide residues from the application to the harvest is desribed for each active ingredient allowed in the Czech Republic in apples and pears. These data enable to assess the action pre-harvest periods for the both low-residual and non-residual fruit production. Information about side effect on natural enemies of pests and other non-target organisms have been worked up for each active substance of pesticides allowed in fruits in the Czech Republic. This knowledge allows us to classify pesticides into three groups marked as a so called green, yellow and red list for IPM growing systems. The possibilites of the use of biological and biotechnological methods are outlined at the end of the publication.
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Parasitoid hymenoptera hosts specialisation and defensive mechanisms of their host species
Bubeníková, Kristýna ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Holý, Kamil (referee)
Parasitoids (Hymonoptera: "Parasitica") are very large group of insects. Their diversity is also enormous in various morphological adaptations and hosts specialisations. The bachelor thesis summarize particular types of host specialisations and compare generalits and specialists from taxonomical, ecological, evolutionary and geographical point of view. The thesis include summary of theories concerning host-defence adaptations against parasitoids (i.e. morphological adaptations, space-time adaptations) as well. Key words: Apocrita, specialist, generalist, defensive mechanism, evolutuion
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Biology and taxonomy of Anaphes flavipes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and potential use for biological control
Samková, Alena ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Holý, Kamil (referee)
My master thesis deals with biology and morphology of the species Anaphes flavipes (Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae) and its potential use for biological control of leaf beetles. Particularly, the fitness of wasps was studied and a statistically significant difference in number of parasitize host eggs for mated females compared to non-mated. The effect of feeding parental population on the number of parasitized host eggs, the number of offspring in F1 generation or their sex ratio, was not proved. Study of host specificity of A. flavipes indicates preference for host eggs of species Oulema melanopus. Preference for heavier host eggs was not confirmed. The effect of host eggs weight on number of eggs wasps inside was not conclusive either. Length of parasitism of host eggs was consistent with earlier studies. The passive defense of host O. gallaecina against parasitoid was observed. Variability of the species depending on location, host, nutrition, etc. was determined using morphological measurements. The third part of the thesis is focused on population density of A. flavipes and its hosts in the localities of organic versus conventional farming in order to use the parasitoid for biological control. There was no significant difference in the size of pest and parasitoid populations between the types of agriculture....
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Biology of gall wasps (Diplolepis spp.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in palearctic region
Vitáček, Jakub ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Holý, Kamil (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focussed on description of biology of gall wasps from the genus Diplolepis spp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the palearctic region with the emphasis on some interesting phenomenons in their life cycle. These wasps induce galls obligatory on roses (Rosa spp.) and are widely distributed in the holarctic region. Many authors focussed on research of parasitoids, which use wasps larvae as food source. It was also recognized that inquilines lost their ability to induce own galls. However, their development is still dependent on galls tissues, because they feed on cells within galls. Rose gall wasps reproduce mostly without any mating. Female lay unfertilized eggs and males are very rare. Recently, development of modern techniques enable authors to study infection by bacteria of the genus Wolbachia and its role in the wasps parthenogenetic development. It is also apparent difference between the levels of our knowledge about individual species in this bachelor thesis. We have relative rich knowledges about European rose gall wasps, on the other hand biology of some Asian species is still very poor.
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