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Trypanosomes transmitted by mosquitoes: occurrence in hosts, transmission, and specificity
Kulich Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Bernotienė, Rasa (referee) ; Modrý, David (referee)
7 Abstract Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma, Kinetoplastea) are dixenous blood protists that require not only a vertebrate host but also a blood-feeding invertebrate to complete their life cycle. Infection of vertebrates can be asymptomatic, but on the other hand can cause serious diseases affecting lives of humans and animals. Thus, researchers usually focus on Trypanosoma species causing Chagas disease and sleeping sickness in humans or nagana and surra in animals, and on their vectors: tsetse flies and kissing bugs. However, mosquitoes are able to transmit trypanosomes as well, specifically, avian trypanosomes and probably mammalian trypanosomes from the T. theileri group. Nevertheless, the role of mosquitoes in the life cycle of trypanosomes has substantial gaps, which are focused in this dissertation. Within the experimental work, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes of the genus Culex are susceptible hosts of two species of avian trypanosomes: T. thomasbancrofti and T. tertium n. sp. On the other hand, Culex mosquitoes were unsuitable hosts for T. theileri, while the genus Aedes and surprisingly even sand flies (Phlebotomus perniciosus) turned up to be competent vectors. All investigated trypanosomes were able to develop within the guts of mosquitoes and were also found in their prediuretic liquid. This...
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Mosquitoes as vectors of avian trypanosomes
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Šlapeta, Jan (referee)
Avian trypanosomes are quite common parasites of birds, although knowledge of their life cycles and vectors is still insufficient. There are some insect families which serve as vectors of these parasites: blackflies (Simuliidae), hippoboscid flies (Hippobosciade), mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopognidae) and sandflies (Psychodidae). In this study we have been focused on mosquitoes. We have examined prevalence of avian trypanosomes at wild-caught mosquitoes from genus Culex. Furthermore we have studied experimental transmission of avian trypanosomes from mosquitoes to birds. Mosquitoes were caught with CDC traps in three different localities during seasons 2017 and 2018. We caught 956 (125 pools) mosquitoes belonging to genus Culex, from whom 14,4 % pools were positive for avian trypanosomes. MIR (Minimal Infectiom Rate) fluctuated between 0 % to 8,3 % in studied months (May-August). The most frequently identified parasite was T.culicavium, detected in 13,6% (n=17) pooles. Parasites belonging to T. avium group were detected only in 0,8 % (n=1), it was T. thomasbancrofti. In our experimental part we have been focused on development of T. thomasbancrofti and Trypanosoma sp. in laboratory bred mosquitoes Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. molestus and on their experimental transmission to...
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Mosquitoes as vectors of avian trypanosomes
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Šlapeta, Jan (referee)
Avian trypanosomes are quite common parasites of birds, although knowledge of their life cycles and vectors is still insufficient. There are some insect families which serve as vectors of these parasites: blackflies (Simuliidae), hippoboscid flies (Hippobosciade), mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopognidae) and sandflies (Psychodidae). In this study we have been focused on mosquitoes. We have examined prevalence of avian trypanosomes at wild-caught mosquitoes from genus Culex. Furthermore we have studied experimental transmission of avian trypanosomes from mosquitoes to birds. Mosquitoes were caught with CDC traps in three different localities during seasons 2017 and 2018. We caught 956 (125 pools) mosquitoes belonging to genus Culex, from whom 14,4 % pools were positive for avian trypanosomes. MIR (Minimal Infectiom Rate) fluctuated between 0 % to 8,3 % in studied months (May-August). The most frequently identified parasite was T.culicavium, detected in 13,6% (n=17) pooles. Parasites belonging to T. avium group were detected only in 0,8 % (n=1), it was T. thomasbancrofti. In our experimental part we have been focused on development of T. thomasbancrofti and Trypanosoma sp. in laboratory bred mosquitoes Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. molestus and on their experimental transmission to...
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Evaluation of economical position of Základní umělecká škola Slaný
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Boukal, Petr (advisor) ; Prokůpek, Marek (referee)
This thesis deals with a financial analysis of the art and music education institutions Základní umělecká škola Slaný (contributory organization) and compares its situation with Základní umělecká škola Říčany (c.o.) and První soukromá základní umělecká škola MIS music Kopřivnice (public benefit corporation). The theoretical framework characterizes the voluntary sector in general and it delimits the private and the public voluntary sectors. Furthermore, it describes the contributory organization in terms of law and economy. The theoretical part also discusses financial analysis of a nonprofit organization and its indicators. The first part of the practical framework focuses on characterizing visual arts education and subsequently it examines the characteristics and the financial analysis of aforementioned art and music education institutions. For ZUŠ Slaný analyzes years 2011/2012 to 2015/2016 and only years 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 are used for the comparison with the two other institutions. The last section of the practical part compares financial indicators of aforesaid institutions and the conclusion reports on the economical situation of ZUŠ Slaný by emphasizing their strong and weak points.
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Mosquitoes as hosts and vectors of protozoa transmitted to birds
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
Mosquitoes belong to significant representatives of inscet which are particularly studied due to their ability to transmit pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, worms) in many cases causing serious illnesses. The hosts of these pathogens can be various animals including birds. In this study I have focused on protozoa (especially Plasmodium and Trypanosoma) transmitted by a mosquito. Concerning trypanosomes the mosquito is one of several possible vectors and up to now there have been named two trypanosomes transmitted by birds, namely Trypanosoma culicavium and Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti. In the case of the genus Plasmodium the mosquito is the only vector and there are many more species of the genus Plasmodium, which mosquito transmits between birds. Key words: vector, mosquito, host, bird, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, infection
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The influence of consumption changes on ecological footprint
Mík, Milan ; Matějček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Fialová, Magdalena (referee)
The bachelor thesis presented below targets on the issue of the environmental aspect of sustainable development. The key matter of this paper is to find out which spatial consequences the human consumption has or might have. Possible changes of this consumption and its changed spatial effects on the environment were especially examined. Ecological footprint index was used for this purpose. After defining this assessing tool, there were created twelve consumption scenarios in total. The scenarios represent three main categories of consumption which were identified as the most affecting the environment. These are food consumption, consumption related with transport and energy consumption in households. Using a combination of methods, the value and structure of ecological footprint of each scenario were assessed. All the calculations, as well as the spatial outcomes, took place in a model area of Hradec Králové, one of the regional capitals of Czechia. Key words: ecological footprint, sustainability, consumption, scenario, modelling, Hradec Králové
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