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Sympatric cultural divergence and its evolutionary significance
Tureček, Petr ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Lang, Martin (referee) ; Duda, Pavel (referee)
Interaction of genes and culture is crucial for human evolution. Human ethnic groups and subcultures frequently function as discrete units, and people clearly distinguish between in- group and out-group individuals on a cultural basis. This thesis aims to model the formation of distinct cultural clusters, cultural equivalents of distinct species. Historical development of theories of blending inheritance led to the formation of biometric parallels to Mendelism. Galton-Pearson model of nonparticulate inheritance with constant offspring variance, the most influential model of continuous inheritance ever formulated, was based on measurements of genetically transmitted traits. Ronald Fisher later demonstrated, that this type of inheritance directly stems from polygenic traits with additive genetic variance. Dan Sperber's metaphor of culture space allows integrating any continuous models of position inheritance into computer simulations of the evolution of culture. Most studies today, however, employ particulate models of cultural inheritance. The exceptional works of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman pioneer the continuous models of cultural inheritance applying Galton-Pearson model to culture. Galton-Pearson inheritance is, unfortunately, not a very good model of cultural transmission. Parental...
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Evolution of life history and behavior in Hominidae: Towards phylogenetic reconstruction of the chimpanzeehuman last common ancestor
DUDA, Pavel
The origin of the fundamental behavioral differences between humans and our closest living relatives is one of the central issues of evolutionary anthropology. In this study we performed a series of phylogenetic comparative analyses using 65 selected life-history and behavioral characters for all extant hominid species to reconstruct the ancestral character states of the last common ancestors of Hominidae, Homininae and Hominini (the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor). These analyses show that many fundamental behavioral and life-history attributes of hominids (including humans) are evidently ancient and likely inherited from the common ancestor of all hominids. On the other hand, numerous behaviors present in extant great apes represent their own terminal autapomorphies (both uniquely derived and homoplastic). We demonstrate that phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states is able to provide a detailed suite of behavioral, ecological and life-history characters for each hypothetical ancestor. The living great apes therefore play an important role for the identification of the traits found in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor, some of which are likely to represent behaviors of the fossil hominins.
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Využití hormonálních přípravků při výtěru podoustve říční(Vimba vimba)
DUDA, Pavel
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to find out which of the three used hormonal products was the most effective for a hormonal induction during spawning of a vimba bream. The three mentioned hormonal products were Chorulon, Supergestran and Ovoplel, which are commonly used in fishing practice. The experiment was implemented in 2015 and the fish which were used for the experiment came from an experimental pond breeding VÚRH FROV JU in Vodnany. The hormonal products were injected to the fish in a single dose. We were examining how the fish would respond to the injected hormone and whether the maturing of the fish eggs and subsequent ovulation would proceed. The experiment clearly showed that Supergestran was the most suitable product for the hormonal induction of the vimba bream.
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Human population history and evolution of culture: A phylogenetic approach
DUDA, Pavel
This thesis uses phylogenetic and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate human population history and evolution of cross-cultural variation. Such research requires a robust phylogenetic hypothesis of human populations as a framework. This thesis uses a supertree approach to infer a composite phylogeny of human populations based on published phylogenetic trees based on genetic and linguistic data. It assesses the stability of the inferred supertree topology and identifies individual populations whose phylogenetic position is particularly unstable. It assesses the congruence between genetic and linguistic data and tests hypothesis about language relationships and coevolution between genes and languages on a global scale. The supertree is used to reconstruct the origin and evolution of religious beliefs and behaviors using a global sample of hunter-gatherer populations and a set of phylogenetic comparative methods. This thesis also describes evolution of Central African pygmies, a group of human populations that represents an interesting case of morphological and cultural adaptation in human species, and reviews the history and current developments of phylogenetic (tree building) approaches to cross-cultural variation.
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Evolution of human socio-cultural and ecological traits: a phylogenetic (supertree) approach
DUDA, Pavel
Human species display complex intraspecies population structure and unparalleled behavioral and cultural diversity. In order to elucidate human population history and pattern of evolutionary change of socio-cultural and ecological traits, the first composite phylogenetic tree of 574 human populations (ethno-linguistic groups) was created on the basis of 129 recently published phylogenetic hypotheses based on genomic, genetic and linguistic data, utilizing supertree method matrix representation with parsimony. Subsequently, 56 selected socio-cultural and ecological characters based on ethnographic cross-cultural data were optimized on topology of obtained supertrees in order to reconstruct patterns of evolutionary change and states present in ancestral populations. The results are discussed in the light of recent studies of human phylogeography and cultural phylogenetic studies.
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Cladistic analysis of reproductive, behavioral, sociobiological, and developmental traits in the Hominoidea
DUDA, Pavel
The available information concerning reproduction, ontogeny, behavioral patterns and social relationships in all species of extant and some extinct were analysed cladistically. The character set was optimized on the phylogeny of the Hominoidea, and the particular common ancestors were reconstructed. The study reveals that all common ancestors (excluding the common ancestor of Pan spp.) showed more or less gorilla-like patterns of behavior and social system. The major outcome of this study is the finding that humans, despite universal assumptions, are (in terms of behavior and sociobiology) rather slightly derived gorillas than substantially derived chimpanzees.
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