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Revenues and expenditures of the European Union budget
Dostálová, Lucie ; Boháč, Radim (advisor) ; Marková, Hana (referee)
Revenues and Expenditure of the EU Budget This Master's thesis deals with revenues and expenditure of the European Union budget. It is a very broad topic, which needs to be narrowed down for the purposes of this thesis. After a short introduction into the fundamental terms the thesis focuses on a detailed analysis of revenue sources of the EU budget and on financial frameworks. Firstly, the thesis describes the EU budget in general in order to introduce the topic and understand related fundamental terms. Chapters dealing with setting an EU budget and a budget process are followed by a detailed analysis of revenues and expenditure and financial frameworks. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the overall theory of the EU budget and subsequently to analyze the long-term development of revenues and expenditure until today, i.e. June 30, 2014. Currently, there is a new multi-annual financial framework for the period of 2014 to 2020 in place, which has introduced certain changes to the sources of revenues as well as expenditure. Not all of the changes have been implemented yet but will become effective in the near future. The thesis evaluates new instruments, which the European Union has already implemented or intends to implement. Two particular changes leading to an increase of EU budget own resources - new...
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Analysis of X-ray images processing
DOSTÁLOVÁ, Lucie
Analysis of X-ray Images processing Film was the original recording medium used for recording X-ray images. It was then replaced by a film-foil system. Digital recording systems are currently replacing the film systems throughout the Czech Republic. The manufacturers of X-ray equipment are actively promoting this conversion. In sharp contrast with other branches of technology, the basic principles of X-ray technology have not changed much since its invention more than 100 years ago. It is possible to scan a digital recording directly by using large screen detectors or indirectly with the help of recording foils. The archival system is also an integral part. Digital X-rays have many advantages. Among them are: high quality pictures developed nearly instantaneously, the ability to immediately check them, the possibility of adjusting them afterwards, the possibility of archiving them, the possibility of transferring the data through a computer network, lower operating cost (provided the archiving is digital only) and sequencing. The disadvantages are the initial cost of acquisition and the added expense of archiving if the records are maintained in film form as well as on the server. The direct digitalizing of an X-ray picture is based on recording the picture with the help of scanning detectors. Flat panel detectors which transform a picture originated by X-ray exposure directly onto a picture recording, are used for the detection. The indirect digitalizing of an X-ray picture is based on recording a picture on memory foils which are stored in special cassettes, similar in size and shape to the cassettes for film materials. After exposure the cassette is read into a digitalizer, which produces a similar digital recording. Photographic documentation is made and archived, almost always using the DICOM format which makes full compatibility possible on a worldwide basis. The foil is reusable and the recorded picture is deleted with intense light.
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