National Repository of Grey Literature 106 records found  previous11 - 20nextend  jump to record: Search took 0.00 seconds. 
Evolutionary aspects of bipedalism in hominins
Pinterová, Nikola ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
The work deals with the human bipedality, the previous locomotor behavior and possible reasons for its occurrence. For help finding Ardipithecus ramidus, who is dating close to the split of chimpanzees and humans, is studied prebipedal pattern of locomotor behavior. Emphasis is also placed on the way the movement of A. ramidus itself. On the basis of literary sources are in this thesis for an overview summarized the locomotor patterns of representatives Catarrhini and listed important adaptations to bipedality of the human skeleton. The adaptations then are the criterion for the evaluation of bipedalism in fossil bones of A. ramidus. Furthermore, we deal with evolutionary hypotheses about the origin of bipedalism. Key words Bipedalism, locomotion, human, chimpanzee, Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus, hominins, evolution
Co-evolutionary aspects of genetic diversity: milk production and lactase persistence
Priehodová, Edita ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
Lactase persistence (LP) is genetically determined ability to digest lactose (milk sugar) in adulthood. Lactose is digested by the intestinal enzyme - lactase. In mammals, production of lactase declines after the weaning period. In case of the LP, the lactase is produced during whole life and thus it is possible to drink larger amounts of fresh milk without digestive problems. However, LP is documented only in some human populations. Its worldwide distribution is unequal, the highest rates are found in northern Europe and in pastoralists living in arid regions of Africa and Arabia. The origin of this trait is related to the emergence of agriculture 10,000 years ago, and the beginnings of milk production. In some populations, there is a strong signal of positive selection for the LP caused by various factors depending on various living conditions. The LP is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located approximately 14 kb upstream from lactase gene. Nowadays we know five different SNPs which cause the LP and they have probably different origin and have expanded independently. One of the possible centres of the LP origin is the Arabian Peninsula, where the LP variant -13,915*G probably first appeared and spread. In this thesis, occurrences of different LP mutations were investigated...
Biological characteristics of individuals from the baroque level of St. Benedict cemetery in Prague - an analysis of the demographical crisis
Pinkr, Tomáš ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Černý, Viktor (referee)
The target of this thesis was to identify mass graves of the burial phase V. in the cemetery around the former St. Benedict Church in Prague and to determine, by means of dental epigenetic traits, if there is a biological relation among selected groups of mass graves and if they belong to one demographic crisis. The analysis of the archaeology-anthropologic documentation was the essential part of this thesis. By this analysis the identification of mass graves and their combination to higher groups according to the following criteria: a locating the mass grave at the cemetery, a position of individual burials in the mass graves, the burial way and artefacts found was possible. The previous research made by the French- Czech team, namely radiocarbon dating of several graves, was also supportive. The actual investigation of the biological relation (similarity) of individuals from mass graves was carried out by means of dental epigenetic traits. These traits were evaluated according to verbal description and plaster casts of teeth (Turner at al. 1991). The following statistical methods were used for the evaluation: a measure of divergence and the mean measure of divergence stating the unlikeness of probability occurrence of corresponding features. The result of this work was the identification of 19 mass graves...
Limits in the sex estimation human skeletons resulting from the population specificity of classification functions - an example of sexual dimorphism of tibia.
Kotěrová, Anežka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
Forensic anthropology has developed classification techniques for sex estimation of unknown skeletal remains, namely population-specific discriminant functions or other functions. What are their authors usually aware of. These methods were designed for populations that lived mostly in the late 19th and 20th century but they are presented as valid in recent populations. Their level of reliability or misclassification is important for practical use in today's forensic practice, however it is unknown. We addressed the question what the likelihood of errors would be if population specificity of discriminant functions of the tibia were disregarded. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to give an evidence about the inappropriateness of using population specific methods and methods affected by secular trend. We measured 10 variables traditionally used for sex assessment of the tibia based on a sample of segmented models of 30 male and 26 female CT images from recent adult Czech population. In addition we created two own discriminant function for Czech population, accuracy of DF1 is 85.7 % and accuracy of DF2 is 82.1 %. To estimate the error rates ignoring population specificity, we selected a published classification function of tibia for the European American population (Işcan and Miller-Shaivitz,...
From the facial reconstruction based on the skull to the identification of the individual: demands, principles, problems
Moštková, Miroslava ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Blažek, Vladimír (referee)
Facial reconstruction based on the skull is a technique allowing recreation of the original facial features of an individual. However, recreation of the exact look is nearly impossible at this time. Facial reconstruction is used during archaeological research or during investigation of forensic cases. The facial reconstruction methods used are morphoscopic, morphometric, or a combination of the two. They are used during a manual and computerized process to create two dimensional or three-dimensional reconstruction of the individual. Accuracy and reliability can be determined with each one of these methods by quantitative and qualitative measurements. Reliability and accuracy of the facial reconstruction should also be considered from a view of the facial perception. The human face is perceived in a holistic-analytical way which is based on a calculation of the distances between different features. Facial reconstruction is based on the recognition of familiar faces that are perceived on the basis of internal features that are not influenced by differences in the view angle or expression. Unfamiliar faces are perceived on the basis of from external features. Faces with significant facial features are identified faster. Facial features can be organized by the significance of their influence for recognition of...
Biological variability of postcranial non-metric traits of Eneolithic populations in the area of Bohemia (the Corded Ware Culture and the Bell Beaker Culture).
Miklasová, Barbora ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
The non-metric postcranial traits characterize biological variability of human skeletal morphology. Special attention is beeing paid to changes in some muscular or ligaments' binding areas and to changes of the articulation facets which are considered to be possibly retaled to excessive physical stress, occuring through the lifetime. The osteological material belonging to the populations of the Corded Ware culture and the Bell Beaker culture in the area of Bohemia has been surveyed with respect to non-metric trait occurence. The origin of both of these culture bearers is still a discused issue. There is a hypothesis saying that bearers of both Late Eneotithic cultures might represent actually one population and the differency of cultural patterns were due only to life-style changes, not to large-area migration. With respect to the frequency of 94 postcranial non-metric traits both samples have been compared to each other on a basis of measure of divergence and mean measure of divergence. The samples of Late Eneolithic populations showed significant difference only in frequencies of two non- metric traits and along with the values of mean measure of divergence they seem to show rather homogeneity. Afterwards both samples were compared with a sample from Great Moravian burial site Mikulčice - Kostelisko and...
The Evolution of Menopause and Duration of Reproductive Life-span in Humans and it's Comparison with Social Mammals.
Fuxová, Helena ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Blažek, Vladimír (referee)
This paper concludes basic information about reproductive life-span in humans, however the special emphasis is placed on a synthesis of available knowledge about the existence and evolution of menopause and postreproductive period. Based on published data, the paper focuses on the occurrence of these phenomena, not only in humans but also in other social mammals. Subsequently, this paper finds out that the termination of reproduction followed by postreproductive life-span is not only present in humans, but similar phenomena can be found also in other taxa. The special attention is given to the primates and the cetaceans, where the menopause phenomenon is being well studied. Moreover, to present a more complex and in-depth view into the topic, it is also crucial to mention a different point of view by the short insight into the existence of the menopause in other vertebrata and invertebrates. Moreover, there are compared phenomena of menopause and postreproductive period of humans and other representatives of the animal kingdom. Bachelor's thesis is the finding that menopause or end of reproduction followed by postreproductive life-span are phenomena more common than it is generally believed. The subsequent goal is a critical look at the main theories about the evolution of menopause in humans (" The...
Sleep variability and sleep behavior of two selected homogeneous groups of aduls
Tomašovská, Jana ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Šonka, Karel (referee)
Nowadays, frequency of so called civilization diseases is raising and current life style of an industrial society brings increased number of sleep disorders. Various non-physiological and pathological phenomena, for which humans do not have and cannot have any adaptation mechanisms created, can be seen in our culture and society. The purpose of this thesis is to examine sleep habits of two groups of healthy adult persons (young adults and seniors) and determine factors having an influence on sleep quality. Three hypotheses were stated (Hypothesis No. 1: Sleep length and quality are changing throughout the life. Hypothesis No. 2: Sleep length has an influence on BMI. Hypothesis No. 3: Sleep length is dependent on a life style). Validity of these hypotheses was verified. The sample consisted of a group of young adults (76 women, 51 men) and of a group of active seniors (50 women, 40 men). Sleep behavior was investigated by a questionnaire form. Every person answered to 50 questions. Their answers were statistically processed. Basic somatic characteristics as body height, body weight and Body Mass Index were measured during the contact with respondents. Statistically significant difference (p < 0,05) in sleep behavior of young adults and seniors in weekdays and weekend was found out. Young adults were...
Childhood diet in relation to the determination of social roles and health status in Great Moravian population
Jílková, Michaela ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kovačiková, Lenka (referee)
This study is focused on dietary reconstruction according to stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in bone and tooth collagen. The material used for this study is represented by set of 46 skeletons of adult individuals from 6th church's burial site in Mikulčice, which belong to the Great Moravian era (9th -10th century). Isotopic values are discussed in relation to the formation of social roles and health status. The presence and eventually degree of severity of some non-specific stress indicators and pathologies (Cribra orbitalia, presence of tooth caries, caries intensity, linear enamel hypoplasias, dental wear and length od femur) was observed. The results of isotopic analysis suggest, that diet in this population sample was based on terrestrial sources, both animal and plant protein. Plants in Great Moravian diet belonged to C3 and C4 group. C4 group of plants in Mikulčice was represented by millet (Panicum miliaceum), which supports the hypothesis of "Millet - typical crop of old Slavs" (Reitsema and Kozlowski, 2013). Millet was consumed mainly in childhood. Significant differences between diets of high social class and rest of population was found with people of higher social rank consuming more animal protein. These differences were created in childhood and persisted to adulthood....

National Repository of Grey Literature : 106 records found   previous11 - 20nextend  jump to record:
See also: similar author names
3 Brůžek, Jan
1 Brůžek, Jindřich
2 Brůžek, Josef
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