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Slavoj Žižek and the critique of ideology
Takač, Peter ; Hauser, Michael (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee) ; Pelcová, Naděžda (referee)
The goal of the thesis is to analyze the contemporary form of ideology through the work of Slavoj Žižek. It aims to answer the question - resulting from the widespread notion of the end of ideology - what do people believe in nowadays. In other words, what do we follow or what do we respect if it is said that we do not believe in anything? The collapse of the communist project in the Eastern bloc brought a period of distrust towards grand narratives and utopian projects. In addition, the widespread form of ideology, which currently has been liberal democracy, allows each individual to choose their own way of life and among a wide range of parties with different political orientations. The answers to the critical analysis of this assumption and the current form of ideology are found in the work of Slavoj Žižek, who has been dealing with these questions since the end of the Cold War. The first part of the thesis presents the Marxist tradition of critique of ideology - its forms and observations it brought into this area. The second part deals with Žižek's contribution to the topics while clarifying the concepts of the Symbolic and the Big Other, representing the current forms of the unconscious and practiced collective activity. The influence of the dominant form of ideology on the population and...
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Human as a being of the centre and a modest commentary of Herder's philosophy
Vostárek, Adam ; Chavalka, Jakub (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee)
Main goal of this work is to mediate an approach for czech reader to almost forgotten philosophy of Johann Gottfried von Herder, who published his books in the 18. century. This student of I. Kant is absolutely someone, who should not be eliminated from a group of authors who determined enlightement thinking. It is not just coincidence that Goethe himself called Herder as Brother Humanus. The exact term of humanity is rightful goal of my interpretation. Why? Because humanity is a fundamental basic term of whole Herder's philosophy. This work claims to analyze two main works of this philosopher, Essay on the origin of language and The Evolution of Humanity, which is the czech translate of his Ideas for the philosophy of humanity. And we will analyze this two texts in a way, which shall show us the interconnections between them. The we will move into synthetic chapter called Herder's concept of humanity. There I will put the previous interpretation into confrontation with more of Herder's books and I will show what humanity means to Herder and why is it so central term for his whole philosophy. Key words: Herder, humanity, language
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Man and nature in the age of technics
Hubík, Jan ; Nitsche, Martin (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee)
In our thesis we focus on a relationship between man and nature from a view oh thinking of Martin Heidegger. In the field of his fundamental ontology we try to grasp a difference between being of man a being of nature. This difference is based on the apparentness of beings as beings in the whole. In his work Being and Time Heidegger thinks the world within the structure being-in-world. The being of nature is in this work think in connection with basic ontological character of beings, that we encouter in our world. The nature is uncovered on the basis of the ready-to-hand. This conception leads to the problém of antropocentrism, that follows from the structure of Being and Time and fundamental ontology. Therefore we then focus on the turn in Heideggers thinking, that is articulated in the later maxim "to think being directly out of being itslef". In later works from 50's Heidegger thinks human being as dwelling on the earth in connection with a theme of devastation of the earth. These later works also deals with the technics. Its essence Heidegger names as Ge-stell. It is technology that determine our relationship to nature.
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The Danger and the question concerning relation to speech: Turning point and Heidegger's title the Danger (die Gefahr)
Jílek, Vlastimil ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Prázný, Aleš (referee) ; Novotný, Jaroslav (referee)
The main aim of this theoretical study is to help to clarify Heidegger's conception of the Danger [Gefahr] in relation with possibilities of the Turn [Kehre] which are hidden in the Danger itself. The Danger is hidden in Enframing [Ge-stell] as the essence of technology. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the concepts of being, truth and freedom. This shows us that concealment (hiddenness) is the necessary precondition for unconcealment, i.e. truth. Heidegger in this context speaks about the paths to unconcealment. Significant way to unconcealment is the art. Heidegger in "The Origin of the Work of Art" explains the essence of art in terms of the concepts of being and truth. The art is for Heidegger the way of expressing the element of truth. Art is not merely representation of the way things are but artwork can bring the meaning of what it is to exist. That means, that Heidegger reminds us about the value of the work of art as the means to open a "clearing" [Lichtung] for the appearance of things in the world, or to disclose their meaning for human beings. Heidegger writes about the art's ability to set up an active struggle between "Earth" and "World". The World is the web of significant relations in which human being exists. The Earth means the background against which every meaningful...
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Anthropology of Synesius' On Dreams
Horáček, Filip ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee) ; Nejeschleba, Tomáš (referee)
(F. Horáček: Antropologie Synesiova spisu O snech) 30. 8. 2017 Synesiusʼ treatise On Dreams (early 5th cent. AD) contains a Neoplatonic conception of the so-called pneuma (called also ʻvehicleʼ, ʻluminous bodyʼ etc.) that, among its other functions, ʻrepresentsʼ the immaterial Neoplatonic soul in the material universe. As against the other Neoplatonic texts from Late Antiquity, the authorʼs book is relatively concetrated and detailed so that it offers a comparatively full picture of the pneuma even though the text is no clear cut self-explanatory piece of writing due to its intended esoteric Neoplatonic readership. In my work I try to discover possible implications for the pneuma against the background of other Neoplatonic conceptions of the earlier and also of slightly later time. Synesiusʼ views of the pneuma are not always identical with those of the earlier thinkers. As he switches backgrounds it is often hard to tell whether what he has in mind is identical, like or different from them. I address predominantly - beside contextualization of On Dreams and efforts to solve individual small-scale problems in the text - questions of physical existence of the pneuma before, during, and after reincarnation chain of individual souls, further I discuss the interface between materiality and...
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Play - Form of the Situation as Such?
Kanócz, Robert ; Michálek, Jiří (advisor) ; Zika, Richard (referee) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee)
Robert Kanócz: Play - Form of the Situation as Such? Abstract The present work belongs to the context of phenomenological ontology and tries to find out, what play/game is and what relationship it has to the nature of being. I understand the question what "play"/"game" ("hra" in the Czech language) is as the question what characterizes the matters referred to spontaneously by this word, and whether it is possible to find one universal meaning present in all these cases. I answer that such a universal meaning does exist, that a play/game is an "in its meaning autonomous process of being decided about something" (where "being decided" is meant impersonally, with no necessary reference to any conscious subject which decides) and I explain in what sense all the types of instances referred to with the abovementioned Czech word display these features. I further show in what sense the most general or fundamental situation in which we are, i. e. the situation of appearing of anything, displays the features of a game/play - it can be viewed as the always the same, "unescapable" process of being decided about what will be present. On this ground a theory of being or the world as, ultimately, a play/game can be conceived, which may sound very convincing, if it is presented as a seeing through the illusion that...
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Goethe's Phenomenology
Bojda, Martin ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Nitsche, Martin (referee) ; Sobotka, Milan (referee)
Goethe' s Phenomenology - Abstract The aim of this thesis was to explain the philosophical foundations and horizons of the work of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, with an emphasis on his concept of phenomenon and appearing, in which he is presented as a significant contributor to the reflection of the category of mediation in German late Enlightenment and idealistic discourse. The work showed how Goethe's (including poetic) works show some theoretically based or systematizable aspects which genealogy, reception and applicability in general the author attempts to interpret. He also interprets the philosophemes connected with Goethe's work: he puts Goethe in the contexts of the German and European thinking of the age of the Enlightenment, of its rationalist bases and of its rethinking of the nineteenth- century concepts of thought. The work shows the breadth and complexity of Goethe's spiritual resources and their creative appropriation by him, as well as the far-reaching influence of Goethe on the German philosophy already in his time (Hegel, Schelling, Schopenhauer, etc.). He tries to overcome the stereotypes or shortcomings he finds in several previous interpretations, discussing first the philosophical literature about Goethe. In systematic and historical contexts, he represents Goethe confrontations with the...
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Heidegger's Concept of Experience
Ševčík, Jan ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
Heidegger's Concept of Experience Abstract The paper aims to explore one of the central concepts of Heidegger's late philosophy. The experience here, compared to the concept in the early period of his thinking, takes on new forms of relation to the world and to the concealment and shows some basic features that the work will follow. These features of experience are: totality, immediacy, passivity, and the transformation of whoever experiences. A proper understanding of Heidegger's concept of experience should provide an important clue to understanding his late philosophy and the way of thinking that promotes it. But it also has wider implications for today's thinking and for grasping not only prominent experiences, such as religious experience.
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