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Geochemical study of the lacustrine deposits of the extinct Komořany Lake
Valentová, Daniela ; Martínek, Karel (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
Komořany Lake, regarded as one of the most important sites of the Czechoslovak Quaternary, was situated at the southern foot of the Krušné hory Mountains, northwest from the Starý Most town, between the villages of Souš, Komořany, Ervěnice, Dřínov, Albrechtice, Černice and Dolní Jiřetín. Due to its size, Komořany Lake belonged to the largest bodies of water in the Czechoslovak Republic (25 km2 ) and due to the quantity of organogenic sediments get into the focus of paleoecologists. Gyttji sediments which occupy comparatively thick position in the lake infilling, formed a continuous record from the Last Glacial period to the Subatlantic period and up to now have been processed mainly from the paleoecological point of view. In this work the organogenic sediments are studied from the sedimentary record using modern geochemical methods (TOC/TN and d13C) for the first time in Komořany Lake history. The work was based on profiles (PK-1-C, PK-1-Ch, PK-1-I and PK-1-W) which were taken between 1977-1983 before a complete exploitation of Komořany Lake sediments as a result of coal mining in the Most Basin in the 1980's.
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Anthracological and xylotomy analysis from prehistoric archaeological sites and its relationship to vegetation conditions
Prach, Martin ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
Xylotomy and anthracological analysis belong to fundamental paleoecological methods used mostly for reconstructing evolution of past wood vegetation. The point of this analysis is utilizing either charred or uncharred ancient wood material in the form of taxonomical determination of particular fragments, resulting in conclusions pointing towards reconstruction of species composition of past vegetation. In its first part, this work deals with brief introduction of the method, containing its short history, different methodological approaches and possible complications with final conclusions. The literature review part contains geographically sorted analysis of studies from continental Europe from Spain to Sweden, published mostly in english. Keywords: charcoal, wood, reconstruction of vegetation, archeology, anthracology
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Development of right angle in early Neolithic architecture in the Near East: ecological and social aspects of early urbanisation
Šmolková, Markéta ; Beneš, Jaromír (advisor) ; Dietrich, Laura (referee)
The thesis deals with the change from the circular to a rectangular building during the Pre- Pottery Neolithic B period (PPNB) in the Levant and researches the possible influence of environmental conditions on this transition. The observed area comprises variable regions from northern Syria to central Jordan. Sites for the analysis were selected according to architectural and chronological criteria. The chosen chronological scope is delimited by final phases of late Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10 000-9500 BP) and by middle PPNB (9200-8500 BP) periods, with the early PPNB period as a key one, considered as a period of the commencement of rectangular buildings. Because of the high architectural variability across the northern and the southern Levant, besides the chronological scope also the architectural criteria must be extended. Therefore, circular, and rectangular building shapes were classified too. A database of Levantine sites was compiled, which enabled to compare distinct development of the ground plan within a diverse environment of the arid, steppe, and Mediterranean territories and revealed a relatively broad time scope of the change. In the process of evaluation, the main attention was paid to the variable environmental conditions of the northern and southern Levant: the individual...
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Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry
Krčmářová, Jana ; Bittnerová, Dana (advisor) ; Horský, Jan (referee) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
Krčmářová Jana 2015 Title: Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry. Abstract: Corresponding with the tradition of current ecological and historical anthropology the study concentrated on reconstruction of transformation of one of the key complex human ecological relationships - modernization of agriculture. The roots of the changes are placed into 17th century Britain yet during the last centuries they spread over the globe and in some cases are still spreading. The process of agriculture modernization was enlightened with analysis of its local progression in the Czech Republic and in the light of mechanisms of cultural memory.. The establishment of modern industrial agriculture was described as forgetting of contemporary used agricultural knowledge during the application of new ideal agriculture form on the contemporary agricultural ecosystem. The new form was derived from the principles of modern economy, sciences and the availability of new technologies and was pushed forward by expert and economic elites and state. The form was applied on the biocultural system-landscape cultivated in majority of cases by thousand years present locals. The dialectical relationship between the new form, its application and the...
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Anthracological perspective on vegetation history in Roztoky u Prahy
Prach, Martin ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
This thesis researches forest history and human impact on it in prehistory and early Middle Ages by means of soil charcoal analysis, i.e. pedoanthracology. It focuses on a site called "Roztocký háj" with long-term human settlement near Roztoky u Prahy in central Bohemia. Pedoanthracology brings information about past woody vegetation that is very local and without much anthropogenic influence. On the other hand, archeoanthracology focuses on charcoal originating from archeological excavations directly from human settlements. These charcoals are therefore formed by human behaviour and provide general view on woody vegetation in wider surroundings of the site. Comparing results of these two approaches in Roztoky is allowed by long-term archeological excavations. They provided previously analyzed and partially published charcoal dataset. Newly obtained pedoanthracological dataset brings finer spatial scale, allows to find out the effect of local conditions on the charcoal spectra and also allows identification of possible purposefully selected taxa in the archeoanthracological assemblage. Another part of this work describes present-day vegetation around the soil profiles and examines it's possible continuity with the past vegetation. 4 soil profiles provided quite species-rich (17 taxa) charcoal...
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Medieval village and its natural environment. Model studies (8th-15th century).
Janovský, Martin ; Klír, Tomáš (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
This master's thesis deals with the natural environment of two selected deserted medieval localities - Jevany-Dubina (Prague-East District) and Hol (Capital City of Prague). This work consists of two relatively independent parts. The first theoretical part describes chemical processes occurring in forest soils, and anthropogenic impact on soil. The second part is the actual research associated mainly with the study of agricultural land use and the variability of the natural environment influenced by man. The research of the Jevany-Dubina site consisted of an additional geodetic survey, a description of all relics, a surface collection and a geophysical survey. Selected procedures partially helped to interpret the parts of the settlement and its function. We conclude that a farmstead with guardians was most probable. The main part of the thesis is devoted to a geochemical research in the intravilan and extravilan of the deserted medieval village Hol. The greatest attention was paid to the interpretation of phosphorus (P) distribution in soil. Another of the issues dealt with in this thesis was the extent to which residents fertilized their fields and gardens around the village. Higher values of anthropogenic P in soil have been documented only in the intravilan of the village. Farther away from the...
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Anthracological and xylotomy analysis from prehistoric archaeological sites and its relationship to vegetation conditions
Prach, Martin ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
Xylotomy and anthracological analysis belong to fundamental paleoecological methods used mostly for reconstructing evolution of past wood vegetation. The point of this analysis is utilizing either charred or uncharred ancient wood material in the form of taxonomical determination of particular fragments, resulting in conclusions pointing towards reconstruction of species composition of past vegetation. In its first part, this work deals with brief introduction of the method, containing its short history, different methodological approaches and possible complications with final conclusions. The literature review part contains geographically sorted analysis of studies from continental Europe from Spain to Sweden, published mostly in english. Keywords: charcoal, wood, reconstruction of vegetation, archeology, anthracology
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Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry
Krčmářová, Jana ; Bittnerová, Dana (advisor) ; Horský, Jan (referee) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
Krčmářová Jana 2015 Title: Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry. Abstract: Corresponding with the tradition of current ecological and historical anthropology the study concentrated on reconstruction of transformation of one of the key complex human ecological relationships - modernization of agriculture. The roots of the changes are placed into 17th century Britain yet during the last centuries they spread over the globe and in some cases are still spreading. The process of agriculture modernization was enlightened with analysis of its local progression in the Czech Republic and in the light of mechanisms of cultural memory.. The establishment of modern industrial agriculture was described as forgetting of contemporary used agricultural knowledge during the application of new ideal agriculture form on the contemporary agricultural ecosystem. The new form was derived from the principles of modern economy, sciences and the availability of new technologies and was pushed forward by expert and economic elites and state. The form was applied on the biocultural system-landscape cultivated in majority of cases by thousand years present locals. The dialectical relationship between the new form, its application and the...
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Geochemical study of the lacustrine deposits of the extinct Komořany Lake
Valentová, Daniela ; Martínek, Karel (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee)
Komořany Lake, regarded as one of the most important sites of the Czechoslovak Quaternary, was situated at the southern foot of the Krušné hory Mountains, northwest from the Starý Most town, between the villages of Souš, Komořany, Ervěnice, Dřínov, Albrechtice, Černice and Dolní Jiřetín. Due to its size, Komořany Lake belonged to the largest bodies of water in the Czechoslovak Republic (25 km2 ) and due to the quantity of organogenic sediments get into the focus of paleoecologists. Gyttji sediments which occupy comparatively thick position in the lake infilling, formed a continuous record from the Last Glacial period to the Subatlantic period and up to now have been processed mainly from the paleoecological point of view. In this work the organogenic sediments are studied from the sedimentary record using modern geochemical methods (TOC/TN and d13C) for the first time in Komořany Lake history. The work was based on profiles (PK-1-C, PK-1-Ch, PK-1-I and PK-1-W) which were taken between 1977-1983 before a complete exploitation of Komořany Lake sediments as a result of coal mining in the Most Basin in the 1980's.
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Archeozoology of the Czech Eneolithic
Kyselý, René ; Horáček, Ivan (advisor) ; Beneš, Jaromír (referee) ; Mlíkovský, Jiří (referee)
This dissertation is a contribution to the understanding of animal history and the relationship between man and animal during the Eneolithic, i.e. spanning the period ca 4500 - 2200 BC. The Eneolithic period differs from the Neolithic in more respects. Traditionally the development of metallurgy (copper) is considered as the primary cause of social economic changes; however Sherratt's theory of a "secondary products revolution" points at the fundamental relevance of a rapid change from the use of primary animal products (meat, skin etc.) to the use of secondary products (milk, wool, labour, mainly yoke) precisely in the period corresponding with the Bohemian Eneolithic. Nevertheless this theory is still being discussed and criticised and, considering possible mosaic nature of the palaeoeconomic situation, it should first be verified at local and regional levels. The author of this thesis analysed in detail ca. 49 500 osteological finds from archaeological settlements in Bohemia, from which ca 13 500 could be zoologically closely determined. Further data were adopted from publications of Czech and Moravian sites (ca. 22 000 finds, from which 11 000 were determinable). This material was subjected to detailed archaeozoological analysis with a unified methodology and techniques covering taphonomy,...
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