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Seasonal scarcity and sharing norms
Bartoš, Vojtěch
Sharing provides one of few sources of insurance in poor communities. It gains prominence\nduring adverse shocks, often largely aggregate, when it is also costliest for individuals to share. Yet it is little understood how scarcity affects individual willingness to share and willingness to enforce sharing from others, an important ingredient in sustaining prosocial behavior. This is what this paper examines. I conduct repeated within-subject lab-in-the-field experiments among Afghan subsistence farmers during a lean and a postharvest season of relative plenty. These farmers experience seasonal scarcities annually. Using dictator and third party punishment games I separate individual sharing behavior from enforcement of sharing norms. While sharing exhibits high degree of temporal stability at both the aggregate, and, to a large extent, at the individual level, the enforcement of sharing norms is substantially weaker during the lean season. The findings suggest that the farmers are capable of sustaining mutual sharing through transitory periods of scarcity. It remains an open question whether exposure to unexpected shocks or prolonged periods of scarcity might result in breakdown of prosociality due to loosened sharing norms enforcement on a community level.
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Evaluating the Determining Factors of Income Inequality across the US States
Petruš, Dávid ; Bartoš, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Kovanda, Lukáš (referee)
What explains the development of inequality in the United States after the World War II? Which factors contribute to the evolution? A growing inequality is a phenomenon caused by rather secular factors, such as growing demand for skills, though short-run, time-specific factors can explain some of the difference too. This thesis summarizes some of the most prominent works in the field of economic inequality and provides additional evidence by analyzing the recent data. Further parts provide a cross-sectional analysis of US counties, congressional districts, and states and seeks to evaluate the key factors related with income inequality measured by Gini coefficient. The distribution of education and human capital are among the most important factors in both time-series and cross-sectional analysis.
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(Non-)discrimination against female job applicants for maternity-related reasons: experiment
Bartoš, Vojtěch
In this study we investigate possible discrimination against female job applicants, in the form of a lower probability of being invited for interview in the periods of their career when 1) it is expected they may soon take maternity leave, and 2) their family commitments are considered to limit their working capacity. We carry out a correspondence experiment, in which we construct fictitious profiles for otherwise identical women and men aged either 29 or 41 years, childless or with two children. During the experiment we contact 599 Czech firms, sending them the CVs of the fictitious male and female job applicants. The differences in the level of positive replies received from the firms serve as an indicator of the potential employers' attitudes towards men and women.
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Ecology and economics of contemporary internal combustion engines
Křesala, Vojtěch ; Zelený, Lubomír (advisor) ; Bartoš, Vojtěch (referee)
This thesis is about contemporary types of engines in individual automobile transportation. Theoretical part contains overview of contemporary automobile engines, interaction of individual automobile transportation and environment, regulations based in law and basics of theory of external costs. In practical part, Toyota Prius with hybrid drive and Toyota Coraolla with internal combustion engine are compared. In calculation of costs for end customer, both vehicles have the same costs per km. If society represented by state is concerned, with external costs included, Toyta Corolla does better, because the difference in income from taxes is higher then difference in external costs. State has no reason why to make any incentives on Toyota Prius.
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