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Political Philosophy of John Gray
Černý, Kryštof ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
Precis The Political philosophy of John Gray touches a number of topics and also has gone thrue a couple of modifications. However this thesis aims to show that there can be found a consistent political doctrine of agonistic liberalism in Gray's thought that arises from his critigue of rationalistic theories of liberalism. Agonistic liberalism is based on the naturalistic ethical theory of value-pluralism which Gray adopted whit some modifications from Isaiah Berlin. On the ground of incommensurability and uncombinability of some values within individuel lives as well as within life forms Gray comes to conclusion that the conflict of values is ineradicable part of our lives. And that's the reason why any legel or political theory cannot set up a set of liberal principles that could claim universal validity. That is why Gray sets up the concept of modus vivendi, political ideal of coexistence of individuals, groups and societies based on mutual toleration. With regard to the rational indeterminacy of conflicts over values, according to agonistic liberalism these conflict has to by resolved by political means.
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A Theory of Social Justice
Kratochvíl, Petr ; Hrubec, Marek (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
This master thesis deals with various concepts of social justice. At first, social justice is defined and the advisability of this term is defended. Subsequently, the two influential concepts of social justice are presented - the concept of John Rawls (justice as fairness) and the concept of Robert Nozick (justice as entitlement). This paper also deals with the application of the concept of social justice to international order. In the end of this thesis the concept of public reason is discussed, it's possible limitations and the problem of coexistence of people who are followers of different concepts of justice.
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Defence of the classical liberalism
Kostka, Ondřej ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
The goal of my work is to show some differences between classical and egalitarian liberalism. Above all I want to point out, that the egalitarian liberalism changes the understanding of freedom, which is taken by the classical liberalism as an undividable connection of economic, intellectual and cultural freedom. Egalitarian liberalism abolishes this triune union and supresses the economic freedom, which is, according to my opinion, a necessary prerequisite for development of other freedoms. Considering that egalitarian liberalism gradually gains dominant role in western political and economic thought, the crippling of the economic freedom, connected with constant growth of the power of state, can destroy the liberal order. Incidental mark of this process is also the destruction of prosperity.
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Politization and depolitization in European integration
Laššuth, Juraj ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
European Union is a challenge for political sciences in these days, because of difficulties in its description in the terms of classical theories of political sciences. These difficulties are even greater, when we want to unravel the political entity of EU and find attributes of the politics and political praxis in it. The inherited tradition of political theory is tightly connected with the phenomenon of state. But EU goes beyond the state as a basic political structure. Nevertheless, there is an intuition, that there is some kind of politics and political praxis in the structures of EU. The question is, where we can find the praxis and how it looks like. Firstly, a characteristics of the political were found, according to the works of the classical theoreticians of political praxis, which were compared with governance in EU. Consequently, a tendency in politization of institutions an topics in European level was found, on the basis of the reflection on debates about democratic deficit in EU (which is also about deficit of politics in EU). Signs of political behavior were found in politization of European Parliament - in creation of robust political parties, party politics and system of parties, whose main axis of cleavage is leftist-rightist one. This cleavege has implication on choosing president of the...
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Human nature as a source of moral behaviour according to Jean Jacques Rousseau
Pravda, Petr ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on the emphasis Rousseau put on human nature. It represents for him the solution of moral depravity and deformed social conditions, which were caused by the abandonment of the state of nature and the entering of the social state. While man in the state of nature satisfies all his needs by himself and his own powers, this equilibrium is in the social state disturbed. Continually growing interests and resulting needs breed human interdependency. The originally independent, strong and free man became a dependent and week slave. This progress caused that man lost the contact with nature and began justifying his conduct on fallacious, false and mendacious grounds. Because Rousseau believed that the social and technical progress was part of the moral distortion he could not accept the traditional solution of the Enlightenment consisting in the growth of the human knowledge and improvement of reason. His solution lied rather in the recovery of contact with nature. This very effort to overcome the moral depravity and base our conduct again on the original naturalness was to make our conduct moral. Rousseau came with two solutions. The first involved the society governed by the general will, the second involved the individual education of an individual undisturbed by moral depravity. At...
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Third way - a critical reflection from the position of liberalism in the work of F. A. Hayek
Podhráský, Jan ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
Ve své diplomové práci jsem se rozhodl trochu blíže rozebrat politický fenomén, pro který se poněkud nesprávně zažil výraz "třetí cesta". Dá se konstatovat, že tento fenomén poměrně výrazně ovlivňoval a do jisté míry stále ještě ovlivňuje politické prostředí především v Evropě a Spojených státech amerických od druhé poloviny devadesátých let dvacátého století. Ideologický základ třetí cesty, respektive soubor různorodých subideologií, které byly - někdy až velmi krkolomně - poupraveny a "napasovány" na koncept "třetí cesty", tvoří jakýsi nepříliš sourodý a poměrně obtížně uchopitelný a obtížně čitelný "celek". Tento celek dále v práci konfrontuji především se zajímavými názory a celoživotními postoji předního rakouského myslitele, ekonoma a především hluboce přesvědčeného liberála Friedrich Augusta von Hayeka coby jednoho z nej slavnějších představitelů dnes již klasické "rakouské ekonomické školy". Jeho celoživotní neutuchající činnost byla především ve znamení boje proti explicitnímu socialismu jako společenskému a politickému systému, založeném na totalitě, omezování osobní svobody a svobody soukromého vlastnictví. Vždy ale varoval i proti různým plíživým polosystémům a procesům, na jejichž konci mohl být čitelný socialismus. Když se pádem sovětské diktatury definitivně a snad jednou provždy potvrdilo,...
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Securitisation and the perception of threats in American foreign policy (1989-2004)
Hyll, Michal ; Barša, Pavel (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
Téma své práce jsem volil z oblasti mezinárodních vztahů. Výzkum se zaměřuje na Spojené státy v rámcovém období patnácti let od konce studené války. Přemětem mého zájmu je zahraniční politika státu nebo přesněji řečeno ta její část, která se zaměřuje na identifikování hrozeb a reakcí na ně. Cílem je j sledovat vnímání hrozeb v tomto období, jejich tematicko-obsahovou stálost j nebo naopak mizející či nově se objevující hrozby. Nejprve se zaměřím na identifikaci teritoriálního a časového vymezení rámce, ve kterém zmiňované vnímání hrozeb sleduji. Vzhledem k tomu, že koncepčně čerpám ze subdisciplíny mezinárodních vztahů - bezpečnostních studií - tak prezentuji teoretickou pozici, ze které vycházím. Tvorba zahraniční politiky je proces mající množství zdrojů, impulzů a dalších vstupů. Nebylo by možné jednoduše studovat pouze každoroční souhrn zahraniční politiky. Rozhodl jsem se tedy obohatit souhrnové zdroje informací o zdroje jiné. Způsob výzkumu, tedy konkrétní metodologii objasním níže. Ve zkratce se jedná o kombinaci studia souhrnových informací, odborných periodik a prací exponovaných osobností, jejichž texty mají velký veřejný i politický vliv.
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Hayek's concept of individualism
Doleček, Pavel ; Znoj, Milan (advisor) ; Bíba, Jan (referee)
This thesis aims to reconstruct meanings of individualism in works of F. A. Hayek and to prove that individualism serves as a standpoint to his epistemological advocacy of liberalism. First of all is presented an analytical framework which stands on distinction of two degrees of liberal argumentation and defines possible meanings of individualism. Subsequently methodological individualism is discussed to clarify Hayek's concept of social sciences and his critique of scientism. The political individualism shows complementarities between epistemological arguments and general liberal postulates. Finally is Hayek's position confronted with Karl Popper. Here we discuss their partial differences and agreements.
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