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Early warning system for flash floods with the taking into account the soil water – a case study for the Upper Úpa basin
Tesař, Miroslav
Contribution describes an early warning system for flash flood detection that has been built in the Giant Mts. This system is located in the upper part of the Úpa River basin and Lysečinský Brook basin. The closing profiles of these basins are situated in Horní Maršov (81,7 km2 and 18,3 km2). Forecasting of flood risk is based on model approach, which uses measured hydrological and hydrometeorological quantities (rain intensity and total, discharge, soil moisture, tensiometric pressure of the soil water, air and soil temperature) as input data.
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The influence of extreme precipitation on washout of potassium and sodium ions from the Liz basin in the period of 2002-2009
Vondrka, A. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Šír, M.
Extreme rains strongly influence the intensity of leaching of sodium and potassium from the soil cover. The question therefore arises whether it is possible to find some connection between extreme rains and sodium and potassium leaching. During the period of 2002-2009, measurement of rainfall, runoff, and chemical data on catchment Liz (Czech Republic, Bohemian Forest, 828–1074 m a. s. l., mature spruce forest, Podzolic Eutric Cambisol) gave the following conclusions about the washout of potassium and sodium ion from the basin: (1) In monthly periods, extreme loss of both potassium and sodium ions correlated with high precipitation amounts. (2) In annual periods, only extreme loss of sodium ions correlated with high precipitation amounts.
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The balance of sodium and potassium ions to Liz catchment in the period of 1994-2009
Štěpánová, M. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Vondrka, A. ; Šír, M.
The article describes the balance of potassium and sodium ions in relation to rainfall and runoff in a small mountain basin Liz (Czech Republic, Bohemian Forest, 828–1074 m a. s. l., mature spruce forest, Podzolic Eutric Cambisol) in the period from 1994 to 2009. It was found that the average annually leaching of sodium reached 11,90±3,24 kg ha-1 year-1 and that the average annually leaching of potassium reached 0,56±2,18 kg ha-1 year-1. The ionic composition of runoff showed that the runoff is mostly created by underground water.
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Plant transpiration, entropy production and gross primarily productivity
Šír, M. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Lichner, Ľ.
The Earth is a self-organized system. The source of information for self-organization is the degradation of solar radiation. The solar energy is highly organized and carried by photons. Earth absorbs this energy and then releases it back to the Universe. However, energy released to the environment is in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which is on average at longer wavelengths than the absorbed photons. The flow of the entropy associated with the energy conversion, which is at disposal for the self-organization, is approximately equal to 1.16·10.sup.38./sup. bit·.sub.s./sub..sup.-1./sup. (Roland-Mieskowski, 1994). The nature of self-organization is a theme of contemporary scientific discussion. The core of this discussion is the role of biotic processes. Lovelock and Margulis (1974) formulated a theory that the self-organization in a global scale is an emergent characteristic of the Earth’s biota (Gaia theory).
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Seasonal snow accumulation in the mid-latitude forested catchment
Šípek, Václav ; Tesař, Miroslav
The article deals with the snow cover characteristics (snow depth – SD and snow water equivalent - SWE) concerning the mid-latitude forested catchment. Namely, the influence of forest canopy (spruce and beech forest) and altitude (ranging from 835 m a.s.l. to 1118 m a.s.l.) was investigated. Forest cover was proved to have a significant influence on the snow cover accumulation, reducing the SWE by 48 % on average, compared to open sites. The elevation gradient concerning SWE ranged from 30 to 40 mm and from 5 to 20 mm per 100 m in open and forested sites, respectively. Its magnitude was found to be temporarily variable and positively related to total seasonal snowfall amount. The differences among interception losses, concerning various elevations and forest canopy, were not statistically significant.
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On Parameterization of Long-wave Radiation in Small Mountain Basin in Sumava Mts
Muller, J. ; Dohnal, M. ; Tesař, Miroslav
The incoming and outgoing longwave radiations are often estimated from empirical relationships with a number of calibration coefficients. When testing the parameterization of available components of longwave radiation in the frame of a small mountaineous catchment we were able to demonstrate the reliability and robustness of calculating the outgoing longwave radiation. The estimate of net longwave radiation is burdened by considerable uncertainty, which could not be reduced by calibration of the coefficients.
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Evaluation of Changes in Water Regime Caused by Long-term Development of Vegetation Cover
Chlumecký, M. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Buchtele, Josef
Long monitoring of air temperature and precipitation for three catchments with up to 100 years series has been used as the input for the modelling of rainfall-runoff process and for the re-assessments of the evapotranspiration demand (ET.sub.demand./sub.). The resulting oscillations and the random changes of vegetation cover have been pursued as the indication of fluctuations also in the evapotranspiration. The intention is to appraise this complicated time series as the long-term process. The modified implementation of the conceptual model SAC-SMA enables the quicker simulation and facilitates also the conditions for automatic calibration of parameters in the used model; separately for individual, i.e. partial time intervals, namely with the diverse expected evapotranspiration. That process is to be identified simultaneously with the optimal parameters of the mode; the resulting actual evapotranspiration (ET.sub.act./sub.) is then represented as the modelling outputs, as such values could be hardly gained as measured or computed values, e. g. from other meteo-observations.
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