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Reflection on the Dictionary of Czech Dialects
Šipková, Milena
After finishing the Czech Linguistic Atlas (1992-2011), the Brno Department of Dialectology of the Institute of the Czech Language, Czech Academy of Sciences, comes to the most significant phase of its aktivity - to the lexicological compilation of the gathered dialect materiál. In connection with a question arises, what type of a dialect dictionary should be compiled. It could be either some type of a differential dictionary, or a dictionary of comprehensive character. These guestions reflect not only the scientific point of view and the national and cultural interest, but also the temporal perspective, personal possibilities of the researches-dialectologists (their qualifications, experience, age) as well as in these days more and more important financial support. In her article, the author tries to characterize some possible zypes of differential dialect dictionaries and draws attention to their pros (advantages) and cons (dishadvantages). In opposition to these, she places the comprehensive compilation of an extensive dialect materiál in the form of a dictionary: on the one hand, she points out its problems, difficulties, even risks, on the other hand, its indisputable values
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New Dialectological Project of Czech Dictionary of Dialects of the Czech Language
Kloferová, Stanislava
Present-day Czech dialektology stands at the beginning of a news era: a long-term project of the Czech linguistic Atlas (6 volumes) has been finished, and a space opens for another, no less important project: Dictionary of Dialects of the Czech Language which will encompass the lexicon of dialects in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. Preperatory work on it has been taking place concurrently with earlier research tasks (besides the Atlas, the Dictionary of Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms), but since 2011 the dialectologists concentrate on the project of this Dictionary. In the first phase (until 2015) they will work up entries beginning with A-C. The Dictionary is primarily conceived as an electronic one, it is espected to be connected with other dialectological projects in one interactive web application. The contribution presents the materiál base of the Dictionary and its conception.
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Reflection of Dialects in Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms
Čižmárová, Libuše
The article relates to there projects of the Brno dialectologists: The Dictionary of Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms (supported by the Czech Science Foundation in 2005-2007, 2008-2010, at present continued without CSF support), The Dictionary of Dialects of the Czech Language (at present supported by the CSF, grant project 2011-2015), and The Czech Linguistic Atlas, published in paper version in 6 volumes in 1992-2011, these days being gradually presented in electrobnic version on the ICL webpage (http://cja.cas.cz/cja.html).\n(General web page of the ICL with more detailed information of both other above mentioned works see http://www.ujc.cas.cz/).
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Borders of Dialect Lexis
Šipková, Milena
After a comprehensive description of the grammar by Jaromír Bělič (1972) and geographic depiction of Czech dialects in the six-volume Czech Linguistic Atlas (1-5, 1992-2005, Supplements 2011), the third and probably the most important task of the traditional Czech dialektology appears to be a nationwide dialects dictionary. The Dictionary of Czech Dialects was started in 2011 by the Department of Dialectology of the Institute of the Czech Language of the Czech Academy of Sciences, in Brno. The first period of work will result in ca 8,000 entries covering letters A-C. The Dictionary is designed as an electronic one (the printed version is being prepared) with the perspektive of further interactive usage (it contains links to other electronic works of the Department: the Dictionary of Anoikonyms in Bohemia (URL: http://mam2.ujc.cas.cz/onomast-pj), the Dictionary of Anoikonyms in Moravia and Silesia (URL: http://spjms.ujc.cas.cz), and the Czech Linguistic Atlas (URL. http://cja.ujc.cas.cz/cja.html). The Dictionary of Czech Dialects compiles lexis roughly from the first half of the 19th till the end of the 20th centuries.\n On the background of current linguistic situation in the Czech Republic (with the dialects better preserved in Moravia and Silesia compared to Bohemia), the author ponders upon the concept of a nationwide dialect dictionary, its specifics and borders (including the limiting factors of a differential dialect dictionary, the influence of codifications to the delimitation of dialect words, the degee of incorporstion of professionalisms/dialect terminology, potentiality etc.). \n We hope that together with a new comprehensive dictionary of Czech (with the provisional title Academic Dictionary of Current Czech) which has been compiled at the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences in Prague since 2012, the Dictionary of Czech Dialects will enable to reveal the dynamism of the lexical system and its external and internal stimuli.
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On Some German Loanwords in Czech Dialects as Reflected in the Dictionary of Dialects of the Czech Language
Čižmárová, Libuše
The Department of Dialectology of the AS CR, v.v.i., works on the electronic Dictionary of Czech Dialects at present. It is a long-term project, in the first five years supported by the Czech Science Foundation. So far the part of the lexical material A-C comprising approx. 7 000 entries has been processed. As it is a dialect dictionary, each entry collects all recorded morphological and phonological variants represented by a lemmatized headword. The material basis of the dictionary contains approx. 1.5 million dialect records assembled in the so called Archive of Folk Speech, a colection of excerpts from printed as well as handwritten local dialect dictionaries and monographs mainly from the half of 19th century to the end of the 20th century,\n The Czech dialect material contains many germanisms. Till 1945, 3 million of Germans lived in the area contemporary Czechia therefore many German words penetrated the Czech language, above all expressions from the thematic fields of craft, transport, army, agriculture, household. In Czech, the German words were adapted to a various extent and in various ways. The item deals with several lexical nests comprising the German loanwords, presents variants of individual lexemes in their adapted form and tries to explain the bases and processes of these adaptations.\n In the headword of each entry, the so called lemmatized form stands, i.e. the form close to the literary language. If the word is not a part of the literary language, a form as close as possible to the German base stands for the headword.\n In the article, the dialectisms borrowed from German are systemized into nests according to their formal characteristics. Samples of some so far edited entries follow.
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On the conception of a nationwide dialectal dictionary
Kloferová, Stanislava
The papers provides so far the most comprehensive information about the conception of the Dictionary of the Czech Language Dialects, which is developed in the Brno dialectological department of the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and which compiles relatively complete vocabulary of all dialects of the Czech national language. The authorial team builds upon experience from the work on the Czech Language Atlas and the Dictionary of Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms. The initial, five-year period of the Dictionary project ends in 2015. During the period the team has compiled a glossary; at the same time it has worked up the conception and entries beginning with letters A–C (cca. 8,000 entries). The Dictionary will primarily be published in the electronic form, but at the same time materials for the printed (monograph) version are being prepared. The paper informs about the preparatory work, about source materials and their continuous enlargement. Attention is paid to the structure of a dictionary entry. The paper discusses the entry heading (the form of lemma and found variants; emphasis is especially given to the principle of lemma formation in words of foreign origin), types of entry heading, methods used in definitions of meaning, the way of providing records of the words and types of records, and the way of providing the localization (in some village or region). Moreover, it deals with the principle of nesting (in the dictionary it concerns the subordination of words which are in the modifying onomasiological relation with the main entry word). The project will contribute to the lexicological work with its planned interactive interconnection with the Czech Language Atlas and the Dictionary of Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms. Several samples of entries are appended for illustration.
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Spoken Urban Language of Czech, Equalizing Processes in Traditional Dialects.
Ireinová, Martina
Next to the complex view capturing the geographic differentiation of the traditional Czech dialects, Czech dialectologists turn their attention also to equalizing language processes that manifest themselves above all in the spoken urban language. Their research follows the program paper Ke zkoumání městské mluvy (On Research of Urban Speech, 1962) by the eminent Czech linguist Jaromír Bělič. On the one hand, the urban speech of Czech is described in monographs, on the other hand, the research results are presented in the Czech Linguistic Atlas (1992–2011) and in the arising Dictionary of Czech Dialects. A great amount of language material is concentrated in the corpuses of spoken language.
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On Motivation of Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms Derivate from the Appellative kámen
Šimečková, Marta
This paper deals with motivation of Moravian and Silesian minor place names containing the basic noun kámen ‚stone‘, e. g. Kameňák (the suffix -ák was attached to the respective noun to create this anoikonym), Kamenice (with the suffix -ice), Kamenička (with the suffix -ička). There are numerous motivations, the most frequent is the motivation of soil quality and of location (especially in prepositional anoikonyms, for example Mezi kamencem, Na kamenici). Other motivations are rare: motivation of a particular stone as significant part of the landscape, motivation of building material or stone mining. The frequency of these motivations is different from the frequency of motivations in underived anoikonyms (or anoikonyms containing plural form of the fundamental word Kameny; in this type of anoikonyms, motivation by a particular stone in the site is more frequent). The motivation is hard to determine in some cases, the interpretation can be impeded by bachelor's etymology therefore it is necessary to cooperate with old maps.
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Some Problems of Processing Verbs in Dialect Dictionary
Šipková, Milena
The author aims to emphasize the fact that the dialect lexicographer indispensably needs a broad theoretical lexicological skills for his work, i.e. that he sees (realizes/distinguishes) in phonological, morphological and word-formational morphs and morphems (prefixes, sufixes, endings) and in the syntactic behaviour of verbs important signals (indicators) of possible semantic differences. On the other side, it needs to be stressed that it primarily is the word and its meaning that stays in the centre of lexicographer’s attention, and though phonology, morphology, word-formation and syntax are respectable for him, i.e. he must take them into consideration, they, nevertheless, only play a supportive and stimulating role.
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Naming of Tuberculosis in Czech Dialects
Konečná, Sabina
The so far unpublished material gained during research for the Czech Linguistic Atlas in 1960s and 1970s shows that names for tuberculosis of domestic as well as foreign origin existed in Czech dialects. A great group of words is formed by ancient names with the base souch-/such- (e.g. souchotiny, souchotě, souchoty; suchá nemoc). Also names with the base (ú)by were recorded. The recorded loanwords are of German origin (e.g. auscerunk, opcérunk, lunzucht). The most distinct loanword is lunzucht (with a lot of phonetic versions), typical for most of Silesian dialects. The names for tuberculosis were motivated by the process of losing weight and overall body decline accompanying this illness. The attached map shows geographical distribution of particular expressions.
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